Police Essay Topics

Police Essay TopicsPolice Essay Topics is a book written by a Dr. Ray Hatcher and Suzan Thomas. In the book they have eight different topics about the police profession. Some of the topics include the laws, a police academy, child protection and disability issues, community policing, community service and community policing. Although there are several titles that focus on the same topics, it is a good idea to find out the differences between them.For example, the first topic of the book is the Law, a police academy and the community policing. The Law could be considered a police teaching and development school. The police academy is one of the best training programs for new recruits to the police profession.Other topics of the book include Child protection and disability issues, the drug problem in the country and the public assistance provided by the government. These topics include the juvenile justice system, the child welfare system and the disability benefits of different law en forcement agencies. So to recap, these are some of the police essay topics.There are several other books that offer police essay topics. Books like 'The Complete Lawman', 'Never Stop: Police Essay'Police Essay For Dummies' give you a few different things to look at in terms of police writing. You will learn some tactics to use when writing police reports. Some of the topics include basic police methods, tactics for meeting resistance, survival situations and crime scene protocol.Other police books that can help you with the police essay topics are those that focus on police academies. Most academies that are on a police training facility are probably going to have at least one written assignment in a form that is not very easy to interpret or read.The author of the book stated that there was one thing that was said about the criminal justice system and his focus was on the drug problem. The author of the book stated that if a police officer stops someone for driving with a suspended license, they are likely to receive a citation. That is, if the officer has a suspicion or a reasonable belief that drugs were found in the car.That could mean that they are stopped because of a certain drug charge. Or, it could mean that there was an outstanding warrant and that there was evidence of drug use. The officer may have called a judge to get the warrant.The officer acts on the belief that the person stopped had a drug habit and the officers warranted stopped his or her car. They have no proof that there is a drug problem and this could lead to the officer receiving some disciplinary action, or they could end up receiving some type of notice to work with their superiors to stop their drug habit or something similar.

Ideology of Modernism free essay sample

To what extent did the ideology of Modernism reflect new sets of values in architecture and design in the period between 1919 and 1960? Answer this question with examination of works of 3 architects/designers of the time analyzing how Modernism was manifested in their works. ANSWER Bauhaus’ Walter Gropius said in Germany, 1919, â€Å"Today’s artist lives in an era of dissolution without guidance. He stands alone. The old forms are in ruins, the benumbed world is shaken up, the old human spirit is invalidated and in flux towards a new form. We float in space and cannot perceive the new order†. This statement epitomized a Germany suffering shocking economic deprivation from  reparations imposed by The Treaty of Versailles 1918. Across Northern France, Germany and Belgium countryside and villages were devastated. Europe was  bereft and in chaos. People desperately searched a new order to dispel the atrocities of WWI. Gropius’ bewilderment, was symptomatic of people’s disillusionment with a world whose values courted wanton destruction instead of harmony. We will write a custom essay sample on Ideology of Modernism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Modernism evolved from romantic, socialist, utopian aspirations coupled with arts and crafts reforms in the wake of industrialism and war; a loose term used retrospectively to describe the broad movement in art, literature, architecture, design and culture, searching to assuage the pain of WWI. Modernism is easier to understand by referencing what it is not:- historicism, traditional, decorative, rooted in academics. The term encompasses the trend in the early to mid 20th century when designers, artists, architects and others sought innovation, leaning towards the abstract in the search for new ways to express aesthetically their reactionary moral and political ideals. The change in direction from historical reference to forward looking was prompted by new political ideals following the Bolshevik Revolution and rise of Communism in Russia and in Europe, with the weakening of the class system. The quest was Utopia, unattainable perfection being the benchmark of Modernist ideology. Mass production for the war effort filtered into general mass production resulting in Bauhaus in 1923 exhibiting â€Å"Haus am Horn,† viewing a functioning house as a machine to live in. The formulaic ideology of a better world required benefits of machine and function + healthy mind and body + mass market production + the referencing to nature for inspiration and guidance + simplicity = beauty = utopia. The extent to which the foregoing reflected new sets of values in architecture and design is difficult to accurately discern. The Utopian vision was not standardized Utopian values were not static or uniformly adhered to, the only constant; desire for a better world. As ideals changed so did values and aesthetics. The changes were more by degree than paradigm shift. Works by Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier and Knoll evidence this. Wright and Corbusier lauded reaction and acknowledged the importance of nature. Wright designed with reverence for nature and the ideal of unity and beauty being at one with and following from nature such that ‘form became feeling’. Their often abstract designs were derived from and intertwined with the function and natural geometry of nature. They searched a Utopia in which human everyday life could sit happily in the natural environment. Wright lived in one of his own making at Taliesin and Corbusier in the Charterhouse of Ema in Tuscany. These living communes became ‘the socio-physical model for [their] reinterpretation of Utopian socialist ideals’ and inspired their architecture to remedy the ills of the cities of their day; European cities suffering economic privation post WW1 and Revolution and the U. S. weakened by extreme poverty from 1929 Great Depression. Cities were crowded, filthy and unhealthy, their inhabitants often injured by war, suffering from the Spanish Flu Epidemic or TB, out of work or unemployable. Both saw the rise of socialism as a response to the desperate need for pleasant city housing. They visited Bauhaus for inspiration from the like minded who searched for a way to improve society through beautiful architecture. ‘Architecture was the direct carrier of spiritual forces, the molder of the sensibilities of the general public.   They became dedicated to architecture which would satisfy their individual visions of Utopia. They believed mass production could produce volumes of low cost housing, which would be functional and therefore beautiful. The machine, art, architecture and social advancement were viewed as inseparable. Paradoxically, their interest in mass production was juxtaposed against a desire  for a healthy body and mind. People needed sunl ight and clean air to appreciate beauty. Linked to love of nature and the need for Utopia, good health lay at the core of Wright and Corbusier’s Modernist ideals. They designed light filled buildings with opening windows for fresh air and very simple surfaces that would not accumulate dust. They believed that healthy, well housed people would want to commune with nature and would thus appreciate beauty. It was an ideology of social engineering – better people would make a better world. Healthy people would function as machines and be capable of great productivity. Their large scale city plans pursued Utopia, Its values of health, beauty, nature, simplicity and equality were reflected in the aesthetics implemented. In his Five Points of a New Architecture, Corbusier called for roof gardens and long windows in his city buildings. These satisfied functional requirements through empirical form whilst at the same time abstract elements affected the viewers senses and nourish the intellect of the inhabitants. Corbusier developed his Dom-Ino prototype for housing consisting of cement layers supported by free standing columns in symmetrical arrangement. He saw this design as a prototype capable of inexpensive production in large pre-fabricated quantities for easy erection. DOM-INO The concrete Dom-Ino prototype. Le Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture BN Publishing. net, Great Britain p230. The Dom-Ino progressed to his Villes Pilotis, being homes constructed and raised off the ground on free standing pillars, the latter being further refined to become  Maison Citrohan( Citroen) manifesting, in addition to the foregoing, long rectilinear volumes open at one end for light with double height living space and childrens’ bedrooms on the roof; functional and easy to build being a box. MAISON CITROHAN The reinforced concrete Citrohan Le Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture BN Publishing. et, Great Britain p241 There were 3 million â€Å"boxes† in his 1922 Ville Contemporaine. The Ville was zoned into administration, workers and industry, separated by green belts in a wide open plan layout. The new urban city was designed to maximize sunlight and air whilst easing traffic flow. ‘A city made for speed [was] a city, made for success’. The Ville Contemporaine was mid-ris e, high density living comprising stackable duplexes, up to 6 double floors with a small garden. The homes opened at ground level to green space and recreational facilities for communal use. Corbusier’s â€Å"Utopia â€Å" incorporated his design values of space, light, inexpensive mass production and green. His design lay mid-way between a middle class apartment block and a socialist communal housing estate. VILLE CONTEMPORAINE Picture of Le Corbusier Ville Contemporaine from Frampton, Kenneth Le Corbusier, Thames and Hudson, London 2001, p50. Corbusier’s Villa Savoy 1931, moved away from repeated geometry focusing on rotational movement and variances with weather and light as outline, form and depth became highlighted. A country home for wealthy clients, it was at odds with socialism. Maison Citrohan’s functional cyndrical pilotis provided support but were so placed to allow the house to â€Å" hover†. Darling, Elizabeth, Le Corbusier, Carlton Books, London, p37 The villa is carefully placed, sculptured and hollowed such that the park outside seems to be inside. A smoothly curved staircase leads up to the large main living level surrounded by a courtyard; large glass windows and strip windows capture the view. Interior Villa Savoye showing stripped windows, courtyard and ingressive sun Darling, Elizabeth, Le Corbusier, Carlton Books, London, p39 Internal View of Staircase, Villa Savoye Darling, Elizabeth, Le Corbusier, Carlton Books, London, p39 The house manifests, health by sunlight, green and fresh air. The machine (boat), is evidenced by tubular railings and a layered stack with a pilotis protruding like a funnel. Daily Telegraph, 3rd September 2010: Sir Terence Conran: Modernism’s Shining Knight Earlier works were refined, perfected and whittled to their fundamentals. From these a dynamic new image voiced new possibilities of form and meaning in a hitherto unseen synthesis. The ramp and the car passing under were used in a new arrangement. His previously used strip windows now appeared on all 4 sides of the box not just 1 and the pilotis were used in both interior and exterior design, free of all ornament being images of modern engineering. A Utopian dwelling addressing the needs of an industrial society. Corbusier obsessed that his designs for high density, functional, communal housing were the road to Utopia. Jumping to 1952 post WWII, is his idea of the Ville Radieuse manifest in the Unite d’Habitation in Marseille. Constructed in his favoured reinforced concrete, the slab is high rise, 12 storeys on giant pilotis, comprising undercroft, roof terrace and 23 styles of double height apartments with balconies. The apartments, united by spinal corridors are factory produced units slotting into the overall lattice of the building’s structural framework. The aesthetic is one of unity, maintained by proportion, rhythm, human scale and sculptural control. The building is a single whole high rise city in itself including all amenities required by its inhabitants. The roof terrace houses a gym, a school, a creche, pool and running track. Its internal corridors form streets with shops, a hotel, restaurants, services etc. In his Unite, Corbusier sought high density without foregoing the pleasures of light, space and greenery but without the need for the space of the Ville Contemporaine. To enable this, each apartment had a 2 to 1 ratio. Spacious living rooms looked out over habitable balconies. Kitchen, bathroom and bedrooms were half previous sizes. The Unite was the Citrohan rethought. The communal aspects were crucial so to maximize space the apartments were stacked, jigsaw style. Corbusier lifted the Unite in the air, for shade under and to allow traffic and greenery to co-exist. It was a ‘house machine’ (boat) evidenced by mimicry of an ocean liner with decks, public and private places; a functioning communal living. Darling, Elizabeth; Le Corbusier, Carlton Books, London, p152 to p159 Darling, Elizabeth; Le Corbusier, Carlton Frampton, Kenneth; Le Corbusier, Thames and Hudson Books, London, pictures taken from p152 to p160London, 2001, p162. Corbusier strove for the Unite’ to be at one with the rocky outcrops of its adjoining countryside seeing reinforced concrete as a natural material comparable to the local stone. Cement was ‘a finish appropriate to the ethos of the second machine age, the era of harmony in which a new contract could be formed between man and nature’. With his Unite Corbusier moved away from horizontal grid geometry to verticality thus embracing the values of the late 1940s and 50s; less abstract more organic, neighbourhood, association and cluster. Wright also believed that society would improve if its members understood beauty. Whereas Corbusier’s passion was the inner city, Wright’s passion was regionalization. He wrote a scathing critique of Corbusier’s Ville Radieuse for reducing the individual to an anonymous cog in an urban machine. Wright saw Utopian architecture as ‘in the service of humanity that would provide the background and framework of civilisation’. He worked to mould American culture through architecture into an intellectual democratic culture of which to be proud, unfolding American democracy into architectural form. Decentralization was the answer to town planning. He took the Modernist creed of the need for air, sun, light and breathing space a step further by requiring people to be land owners and not renters. Wright ‘s Broadacre although envisaging the integration of cultural and commercial space, situated the home on an acre of land removed from the inner city. A grid of 4, square mile units would be a complete community, nourishing local identity through electronic communication. The land, the home and the economy were to be in harmony inspired by nature. Broadacre would be safe, with spacious landscaped highways coming over and under pedestrian passage ways thus eliminating all crosswalks and by-passing living areas. No telegraph, telephone poles and wires and no bill boards. Theatres, co-operatives and community centres would be in the fields. Nature, health and beauty were paramount. Wright insisted that Broadacre was neither ‘backward looking, nor escapist, but an intelligent response to excess urbanization combining the best of scientific culture with new free forms’ McCarter, Robert On and by Frank Lloyd Wright, A Primer of Architectural Principles. Phaidon Press Ltd, London 2005, p188 and p189. Broadacre used Wright’s ‘Usonian’ prototype. The Usonian (Utopian) dealt with the social and economic poverties of the Great Depression. Totally practical, it was built from a kit comprising reinforced concrete slab foundations floating on a drained bed of cinders and sand with hot water pipes running beneath. Walls were pre-fabricated from tar and board. An insulated and ventilated roof slab overhung the houses to shelter, protect rom glare and provide a horizontal relating to the earth’s plane. The kit allowed mass production by machine, ergo, the house would function efficiently and be beautiful. That there was no space for servants acknowledged poverty and rejected pre-war formal American life. The Usonian with its exterior deck and free plan interior was totally appropriate for the burgeoning suburban middle class. Broadac re manifested Wright’s reflection on the problem of unifying an ideal state with individual liberty in a mechanized society. It was rural democracy as opposed to centralized urban capitalism. McCarter, Robert on and by Frank Lloyd Wright, a primer of architectural principles. Phaidon Press Ltd, London 2005, p186 and p187. Finally, Knoll sold Modernist furniture, created Modernist offices and domestic interior design. Modernist designs were Knoll’s road to design success from  1948. Knoll manifested clarity of form, honesty of materials, the creative elevation of industrial production and Gropuis’ union of art and technology. Modernist architects created functional, exciting buildings but without furniture. Knoll pounced on this market niche. German in origin, Knoll took off in New York post WWII when money started to be plentiful and American architects wanted access to European Modernist furniture. During WWII it was impossible to import from Germany. Knoll needed to manufacture locally. At this time Eero Saarinen and Charles Eames of the Cranbrook Academy of Fine Arts won a design award for their  chairs. Working with Michigan manufacturers, they produced proto-types of compound moulded plywood shell chairs that allowed the shape of the chair to be its primary component of comfort. Unlike other chairs, these new designs showed a form dictated by use not decorative effect’. Moulded Ply Chair, Eames amp; Saarinen Knoll acquired the rights to sell these. They were so successful that the look of both domestic and corporate interiors still harks back to this change in artistic expression. Knoll hired Cranbrook graduate Florence Schust. She learnt her design skills from Eliel Saarinen, head of Cranbook and his Finnish friend, Alvar Aalto, from Gropius and Van Der Rohe (moved to US following Nazi closure of Bauhaus)    Florence said ‘The most important essage I got from Van Der Rohe was the clarification of an idea, bringing things down to the bare bones and working with just the clearest form of design’. Florence elevated interiors to the same level as architecture. The US economy was booming. Knoll’s Planning Unit work proliferated due to the efficiency of Florence’s planning methodology and her strict adherence to Modernist design aesthetics. ‘Good design is good business’. Relying on industrial materials,  honesty, simplicity and function was paramount. Knoll became synonymous with efficiency, best displayed to the public in the company’s showrooms;  free plan, with furnishings placed according to function as if in a domestic or corporate setting, set off by rugs, plants and art work. Florence redesigned Hans’ office at Knoll H. Q. placing storage behind his desk within easy access and placing the desk parallel to the wall, not at right angles as in other offices. This slight but revolutionary rearrangement is still current in office planning. Han Knoll’s Office Designed by Florence, archives of the Metropolitan Museum, New York Florence’s interiors coupled with furniture like Saarenen’s Womb Chair, Eames pedestal collection of 1958, his chair and foot stool, Bertoia’s wire sculptured chairs and Van Der Rohe’s Barcelona Chair ensured Knoll’s Modernist values were becoming part of the fabric of American design due to unswerving dedication to the ideal of function and its ensuing aesthetic of simplicity. Saarinen’s Pedestal Tulip Chair Saarinen’s Womb ChairBertoia’s wire sculptured chairs and Table Van der Rohe’s, Barcelona ChairAlvaar Alto’s Moulded Plywood Chair Images taken from Vitra Furniture Catalogue and New York Metropolitan Museum Archive. In conclusion, the Utopian ideology of Modernism displayed in the work of Corbusier, Wright and Knoll from 1919 to  1960 can be witnessed in new values particularly  the need for unity and harmony with nature, rejection of clutter and applied ornament, strict adherence to function as a means of attaining beauty and a deep rooted understanding that beauty of design could lead the world to be a better place. These values combined with social and political beliefs were cosmopolitan and international in outlook and practice due to political persecution of Modernist proponents in their home lands and their subsequent global relocation. The extent to which Modernist ideology reflected new sets of values in the artistic works of the time was profound. Its legacy can be seen in every modern city today. As Van Der Rohe so aptly said, their work ‘was not just a phenomenon of our time and country but rather part of a movement that is emerging across the whole worl.The Modernists hoped to create a new world, free from the disasters they had witnessed in WWI and WWII, the Spanish Civil War, the Russian Revolution and the Great Depression. ‘In their exhilaration, their striving for physical and emotional liberation, The Modernists sent a shock wave through Europe and America which no designers have since come near to recreating.

How to Implement a Guest Blogging Process with Jess Ostroff [PODCAST]

How to Implement a Guest Blogging Process with Jess Ostroff [PODCAST] You probably already know all of the benefits of writing guest posts on other people’s blogs, but have you considered having guests post on your blog? Some of the benefits you might enjoy include increased publishing frequency, more efficiency and consistency, higher ranking for your keywords, and a better sense of credibility and trust among your readers. Best of all, this move can help you convert more customers. Today, our guest is Jess Ostroff, the CEO of Don’t Panic Management, which she describes as a â€Å"virtual assistant agency on steroids.† She is also the managing editor at Convince Convert, which publishes a lot of content from guest writers. She is talking to us about how to become a content management mastermind when it comes to hosting guest bloggers on your website. Powered by PodcastMotor Actionable Content Marketing powered by By 00:00/00:00 1x 100 > Download file Subscribe on iTunes Leave Review Share Some of the topics we’ll talk about today include: What Jess does at Don’t Panic Management in her role as Director of Calm and as editor of Convince Convert. How a marketer can attract the best guest bloggers in their industry and how to prove to potential bloggers that your site is worth writing for. The writing requirements that are most helpful to be sure you get the quality you want out of your guest blog posts. The best way to manage the pitch-acceptance process. Suggested tools and strategies to make the guest-blogging process as efficient and successful as possible, from pitch to final editing and eventual promotion. The one major thing you should keep in mind if you are hoping to build a guest-blogging relationship with someone.

Cuban Revolution of 1959 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cuban Revolution of 1959 - Research Paper Example Varadero and Havana were the Rich and Famous’ resort and casinos, gambling as well as prostitution, were commonplace. Most Cubans particularly on the rural areas however lived in an environment of atrocious repression and they experienced extreme poverty, they were uneducated and there were many illnesses among them among them. Cuban dictator Batista was in power during this time and his regime was very cruel and the peasants greatly suffered under this very difficult political situation, which greatly concerned Fidel Castro and he started planning on overthrowing Batista’s dictatorship (Habanera, 1). The Cuban Revolution started with the Moncada Barracks’ failed attack by Fidel Castro together with his brother Raul, on July 26, 1953. Castro expected the soldiers of Batista to be inebriated and stuporous when his revolutionary’s band would surprise them at dawn. He had 160 men and prepared them to attack the barracks’ main post. However, they ex perienced a terrific failure at Moncada and Batista forces either killed or captured almost all of the rebels. Together with the members of his band, Fidel Castro was arrested and they underwent trial and were convicted. During his trial on October 16, 1953, Castro presented a famous speech entitled History Will Absolve Me as a legal defense of himself, which became a major revolutionary document (Faria, 4 ). Faria further explains that the presiding judge specifically sentenced them to be imprisoned in the terrible old fortress prison of La Cabana where they would serve a sentence of fifteen years. However, Ramon Hermida, the Cuban Minister of the Interior, directed that they be sent to the newest Modelo Prison where they were treated favorably as political prisoners. After two years only, Batista pardoned Castro and his conspirators in a general amnesty release as a sign of national reconciliation. His supporters welcomed him as a hero and he organized his followers and formed the 26th of July Movement, in remembrance of Moncada attacks, before running away to Mexico for his safety, where he started training an army in preparation to wage a guerilla war against his rival Batista (Jacob & Wong, 3). During the same time during which the 26th of July Movement was created, various groups also increased their endeavors against the government of Batista – groups such as those connected to the former political parties stepped up their efforts in opposition to the regime of Batista. Additionally, angry at the refusal of Batista to consent to new and just elections in the ‘Civic Dialogue’ that he had held with his democratic rivals, The University Student Federation established the secret Directorio Revolucionario, which would assist them to fight Batista’s government more violently and more directly. In Mexico, Castro and his brother brought together the 26th of July’s supporters and members abroad, who engaged themselves in trainin g, collecting arms as well as raising money in preparation to attack Batista (Babun & Triay, 3). On December 2, 1956, in company with 82 others, Castro landed in Cuba using a small yacht called Granma. This was two days behind the schedule and a fighter plane that a naval frigate had set upon unfortunately spotted them, which forced them to dock at a swamp called Playa los Corolados (Babun & Triay, 4).

Prosecute Billy for the Alleged Assaults Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Prosecute Billy for the Alleged Assaults - Essay Example Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO and Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) have issued the guidelines in order to stipulate how to handle domestic violence complaints and make prosecution of the perpetrators. Domestic violence, also termed as domestic abuse, can attract action under both criminal law and civil law. In the present case, Hilda has been assaulted by her husband Billy resulting in her hospitalisation. In an inebriated condition, he has also assaulted the nurse at the hospital where he was refused permission to see his wife. Given this scenario, the prosecution and police authorities are required to ensure the following actions are adhered to. Protection to Victims First step in response to domestic abuse incident or report is to ensure protection to the victim, her children and police officers involved in the investigation and prosecution from likely harm by the perpetrator both while receiving calls and after the violence report has been registered. Though this may not apply to the present stage, it is worth mentioning that if the suspect/perpetrator has not left the scene while the call is being received, the caller should be kept on the line and have the background noise tape-recorded through a 999 call which could capture the victim’s and the suspect’s voice and be a crucial evidence for prosecution and helpful in monitoring the incident. If the suspect has left the scene of occurrence, the victim or caller should be asked to lock and secure the premises and comeback to the phone and then take full description of the suspect for being circulated to the area officers (CPS, 2009). Prosecution Now that Hilda’s husband Billy, the perpetrator has already been arrested, the following pages will discuss how the Crown Prosecution Service (CPC) will proceed with prosecution and help victims through prosecution. The guidance document of the CPS is of particular use for legal professionals supporting victims of domestic violence. The CPS has been entrusted with the prosecution of cases probed by the enforcement agency who are responsible for investigating the allegations of domestic violence and collection of evidence. Billy has been arrested as is necessary in a domestic violence case to safeguard the victims who may be vulnerable with children from any further injury. CPS has the mandate to decide on a suspect being charged with and the nature of charges. Police refers cases suspected of domestic violence to CPS for deciding on prosecution or otherwise. CPS is not the legal representative of victims and not authorised to act on their behalf but must be concerned with their safety and support besides considering their views. Thus, CPS initiates prosecutions for domestic violence on State’s behalf. In case of the CPS deciding against prosecution, it will inform victim of the decision based on evidence furnished by the police along with reasons (CPS, 2009). Victim’s Safety CPS will send letter t o vulnerable victim or intimidated witnesses informing the decision to prosecute or otherwise within 24 hours of taking a decision and five days in all others. This is with the view to ensure victim’s safety arising out of the decisions. And it is also to

Milk and Dairy Products Essay Example for Free

Milk and Dairy Products Essay 1-Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are the best basis of energy for the body. They made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The main group of carbohydrate in foods are sugar, starches and cellulose. We can find Carbohydrate in rice, potatoes, bread, pasta and cereals. The Carbohydrate make people fat, and they are the most source of energy for body. 2-Fats: Fats are complex of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. We need fat for hormone metabolism, to have healthy skin and hair, it also helps to, repair the tissue . it helps to shape to your body. Sometimes it helps to protect the organs which are inside the body like kidneys. The main two types of fats are saturated and unsaturated. You can find saturated fat in animal products like, milk, cheese, meat with fat, cream.fat is the important source of calories and energy for body also it could be so dangerous for your health if you use it too much.fat provide healthier skin and helps the body to use vitamins like A, D E and K because these are fat soluble. 3-Proteins: Proteins are built up longs chain of amino acids. We have got two types of amino acids essential and non-essential amino acids and both of them are necessary for body. We have got two types of protein, animal protein and plant protein. You can find the best source of protein in fish, meat and dairy produce, cereals, rice and eggs Some of your hormones, organs and muscles are made up with protein, and the most responsibility for protein is delivering the oxygen to blood cells. Also protein is needed for growing and repairing tissue and replacement. 4-Vitamins and Minerals: Vitamins and minerals are nutrients which your body require to grow and develop normally.Vitamins are very important for body they help enzyme to work properly, we have two different type of vitamins: water soluble (B vitamins and vitamin C) and fat soluble (A, D, E and K).body can’t make the vitamins so we need to get this from the food because it is necessary for body. We need vitamin A to have healthy eyes; this vitamin is necessary for body growth and repair. They are important to have healthy life, too little amount of vitamins cause health problems also too much of vitamins cause of some disease. Minerals: you can find minerals in earth and sea. they can be found in water, root plants and animals. Some of them are needed for body like iron, magnesium, zinc, aluminium, calcium, For example we need iron to make homeoglobine, and calcium is required for healthy teeth and skin and bones. Amounts needed for most of minerals are very small and too much amounts can be toxic to your body. 5-Water: The most important nutrient in your body is water, your body is mostly made up from water, more than half of your body weight is water, you can live for many days without food but you can’t be alive without water more than a few days.It transmits oxygen and nutrients into all your cells. Also helps control your body temperature. It also helps to your metabolism work properly. We need to drink six or eight glasses of water a day. If the urine is dark in colour, this means that you need to increase your fluid levels. Illness and fever also increase your water necessity, and water replacement is necessary part of much medical treatment P2: Identify different dietary needs at each life stage Infancy (0-3years) The babies only need milk to get the nutrients and breast milk is the best food for them because it contains all nutrients the baby needs. Some mothers are not able to breastfeed so they can feed by cow’s milk but this must be sterilized to prevent infection. Before six months we just suggest rice, other cereal grains like oats, wheat, and barely can be given after six months. For the first few months of their life they get all of the nutrients he needed from their mothers milk. However, babies are growing very quickly, and at about 6 months of age breast milk could no longer meet all they needs, they have to give them solid foods. We should be careful not to give them too many foods high in salt and sugar. Solid foods provide extra energy and nutrients which are needed at this time like Iron and Zinc. You can give them one new food at a time and wait two or three days to see the reaction and find out if they have any allergy or also you can see how well the new food is digested. By about 12-18 months the toddler can eat the same food as the rest of the family, with less salt or sugar. Try to give those different fruit and vegetable as they all have different nutrients and also include some at each meal and offer them as snacks. Make sure your toddler get enough calories. For children between 1 – 3 years old energy requirements increases because children are more active and growing rapidly. Protein requirements do not increase much. Vitamins need to be increased. They need slightly lower amount of calcium and iron. They need more mineral at this stage. Childhood (4-10 years) In this stage the children are very active. Many children, especially those who are not physically active, tend to eat too many calories. Children aged 2 to 3 years, 4 to 6 years, and 7 to 10 years require approximately 1300, 1800, and 2000 calories, respectively. In these ages they need to eat healthy food like fish, meat, pasta, eggs, and potato, they should not eat too many crisp fizzy drinks sweets and biscuits because these cause tooth problems and obesity. Protein is necessary for body growth, so protein requirements for children are higher than for adults. They should take full fat milk and skimmed milk should not be given to children under 5 years of age. After the age of 4 children need more energy and protein, most vitamins and all the minerals except iron. Vitamin C remains the same as they were younger. By the age of 7 – 10 years old their energy and protein intake still increases the requirement for most vitamins and minerals increased except vitamin A and C. dairy products should be mixed up in diet to boost calcium intake for strong bones. We have to give them vitamin D because it helps them to build strong bones and teeth. Adolescence (11-18years): When the children get to ages between 11 – 14 years they need more energy and their protein requirement increases by %50. At the age of 11 vitamin and mineral requirement differs for boys and girls. Boys need more vitamin and mineral but there is no change for some of the vitamins. Girls have to take minerals and iron when the menstruation starts. Between the age of 15 – 18 boys need more energy and protein. They need more B vitamins, C, A and minerals such as magnesium, potassium, zinc and iodine. They need high amounts of calcium because of their skeletal development. Requirement for some B vitamins like B1, B3, B6, C and some minerals like magnesium, potassium and iodine. Boys and girls have the same requirement for B12 and vitamin C, magnesium, sodium and potassium. Girls need more iron but lower requirement for zinc and calcium. Teenagers should be pushed to choose a mixture of foods from the other basic food groups: A lot of starchy carbohydrates bread, rice, pasta, breakfast cereals, and potatoes. Plenty of fruit and vegetables, Two to three portions of dairy products, like milk, yoghurt and pasteurised cheeses, Two servings of protein, such as meat, fish, eggs, beans and pulses. Many teenagers, mainly girls, dont get enough iron in their diet, so we should make sure they get plenty of meat, fish and leafy green vegetables. Protein is important, especially during a teenagers growth spurt, as is calcium and vitamins C and D. Because they are so active, they need lots of energy in their diet. Foods like pasta and bread are good foods as they are high in carbohydrate. Adulthood (19- 65years): In adulthood age 19 – 50 years the energy requirement is less for both women and men, because they are not as physically active as they were and their metabolic rates slow down. Their requirement for calcium is lower Women start losing calcium from bones during and after the beginning of menopause for about five years, after which the rate of calcium loss is reduced until about age seventy-five or eighty. So, it is important for women to eat foods high in calcium up to the age of thirty-five, also women need less magnesium and men need lower amount of iron. Their requirement for protein and most of vitamins and minerals remain the same in comparison to adolescents. Best recommend for food could be: Whole, enriched, and fortified grains and cereals like brown rice and 100% whole wheat bread, vegetables such as carrots and broccoli, low- and non-fat dairy products like yogurt and low-lactose milk, dry beans and nuts, fish, lean meat and eggs, fluid intake (water is best).women have to increase iron to their diet. They should not eat too many high fat foods. Old age (+ 65years): After the age of 65 we need less energy because people get less active after this age. Men need less protein than women and their requirements for vitamins and minerals stay the same for both men and women as it was in their adulthood. After the menopause, women need less iron. The reduction in energy needs, coupled with unchanged requirement for vitamins and minerals means that the nutrient density of the diet becomes more important. Nutrient density means the quantity of vitamins and minerals in relation to the amount of energy supplied by the foods and drinks consumed. With the advancement of age, the capacity to digest and eating large meals often decreases. So, the amount of food given at a time needs to be decreased. If required number of meals can be increased as per the individuals tolerance. They should avoid food rich in fat, cholesrtol and animal fats, especially saturated fats, because they cause some cardio-vascular disease. They can use sunflower oil or soya bean oil to prevent heart disease. It’s better to add vitamin D to their diet.also they have to eat foods which are easy to digest, and eats plenty of fibre P3: explain two medical conditions related to unbalanced diets: You are a key worker at Happy Day Nursery in Sutton. You are looking after two children who recently joined the nursery. Aisha is 4 years of age and she is severely overweight and you are discussing Aisha’s dietary needs with her parents.Shareef is 3 years of age and suffers from anemia.Explain the two medical condition related to unbalanced diets: Obesity: Obesity is when a person is carrying too much body fat for their height and sex. Aisha is a person considered obese because she has a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or more. The problems can cause by obesity is like difficulty breating, difficulty walking or running, increase sweating, high cholesterol She has to reduce fat intake and sugary food stuff .It helps in reducing a lot of calories and, in turn her weight. She has to select foods with low, light or reduced calories or fat, including milk products. Also she needs to take foods that include starches and dairy products She has to take plenty of vegetables, fruits, grain products and whole grains each day. Dairy products should not be missed out. Low-fat, no-fat and reduced-fat milk, yogurts, cheese, ice creams and many other such products available in the market provide a good taste of things to the dieters. With proper nutrition, exercises and support Aisha can lose weight and develop healthy habits for her life. Over nutrition results from eating too much, eating too many of wrong things, not exercising enough, or taking too many vitamins or other dietary replacement. Tooth decay is a symptom of malnutrition. The enamel of the teeth can be dotted with white patches. The bone and teeth become easily breakable. Tooth decay is one of the most common of disorders. It usually occurs in children and young adults, but can affect any person. It is the most important causes of teeth loss in younger people. Anaemia: Anaemia is a lack of red blood cells. Anaemia can be described as the loss of red blood cells or haemoglobin in blood. Haemoglobin is the carrier of oxygen to the various part of our body. Decrease in red blood cells means decrease in the carrying capacity of the blood. Anaemia is primarily the result of nutritional deficiency in our body. The most common symptoms of anaemia are weakness, breathlessness, lack of energy, depression, numbness, tingling sensation, irritability and memory loss. A person with anaemia will feel tired and week because the body’s tissues are being starved oxygen. In fact weakness is the main symptoms of most types of anaemia. Mild anaemia can occur without symptoms and may detect only during a medical exam that includes a blood test. Weakness, fainting, breathlessness, heart palpitations (rapid or irregular beating), dizziness, headache, ringing in the ears, difficulty sleeping, difficulty concentrating, abnormal menstruation are symptoms of anaemia. A proper, well balanced diet is very beneficial for anaemic people. They have to include cereals, rice, pasta, dairy products (milk, yogurt and cheese), dry beans, eggs, vegetables and fruits, meat, poultry, fish and nuts. Beet root is one of the best home solutions for anaemia you can eat them as a cooked vegetable or in salad or even beet root juice for the purpose. Also the good sources of iron are: Liver, green leafy vegetables, beets, dried fruits, brown flakes, brown rice, raisins and prunes. While anaemic people are recommended to have food reach in iron content, vitamin C is required for the absorption of iron. Include citrus fruits like orange and lemon to your diet. Anaemia affects all population groups. However the most susceptible groups are pregnant women and young children. In pregnant women the baby needs extra iron so that the baby has a sufficient blood supply and receives all of the necessary oxygen and nutrients. Low birth weight in infants, young children and women of child bearing age are particularly at risk of anaemia. Women of child bearing age need to absorb 2-3 times the amount of iron required by men or older women. Lack of folic acid, vitamin A or B12 is the case of anaemia in people who are living in developing country. M1: Discuss how to components of a balanced diet contribute to an individual’s health at different life stage: In infancy a baby’s kidneys are not as yet developed strongly enough to hold the high protein and mineral content fully until that age, the same applies to solid foods. After 6 months we can add some solid food to their diet because they are ready to digest the food. During childhood, children’s food needs change usually, depending on their growth and their stage of physical activity and energy needs, a child’s full protein, vitamin and mineral requirements boost with age. Perfectly, children should be building up stores of nutrients in preparation for the quick growth experienced during adolescence. In adulthood they need to eat more fruits and vegetables the good source to take vitamins, minerals and fibre which also help prevent heart diseases, cancers and many health conditions that come up with age, it is encouraged that eat 5 portions of fruit or vegetables each day. Elderly adults should eat a well-balanced diet and exercise frequently; spend some time outside to make better the vitamin D for healthy skin and bones; limit fat and sugar eating such as cakes biscuits and so on; eat foods high in fibre to help bowel health; reduce on salt; eat from a wide range of food and to share mealtimes with friends and family, The amount of food may cut because of the advancing of age effects the capacity to digest food and tolerate large meals. Task2 P4: Identify two service users with specific dietary needs: You are working as a nurse in St.Helier Hospital. You are looking after several patients. One of your patients, Mr.Abdi Hailu suffers from a coronary heart disease. Another patient, Miss Talia Kaunu is lactose intolerant. Identify two service users with specific dietary needs. Mr.Abdi Hailu: Mr Abdi has got Coronary heart disease. It is a narrowing of the blood vessels that provide oxygen and blood to the heart. Coronary heart disease is a major cause of illness and death. Coronary heart disease is generally make happen by atherosclerosis when plaque gather on the artery walls, make them to narrow, resulting in less blood run to the heart. Sometimes a clot may form which can stop the flow of blood to heart muscle. Coronary heart disease normally causes chest pain, shortness of breath, heart attack and other symptoms. So he should change his diet to prevent other damage to the heart. He has to eat lots of fruits and vegetables during the day. Decrease the amount of salt in his food and add some nuts and seeds to their diet and decrease the amount of fat in their diet. Therefor he has to change his life style like stop smoking, have some exercise during the day, have healthy diet and don’t be in stress and reduce emotional. Miss Talia Kaunu: Miss Talia is not able to digest lactose, the sugar found in milk and milk products. It is caused by lack of lactose in her body. So she is not supposed to eat milk and she has to find some alternative like yoghurt and cheese. she might feel uncomfortable after having milk and milk products. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, abdominal bloating, gas, diarrhoea, and nausea. The best management for this situation is: she has to slowly put in small amounts of food and drinks which include lactose to determine the tolerance level or she can drink milk with a meal or with other food. Also there is some lactose enzyme in tablet form; she can take them before eating. When she doesn’t drink milk it can lead her to lack of calcium, vitamin D and protein, so she should find new way to get these, she can take calcium supplements and drink orange juice and have some food which have more calcium, dark green vegetables like spinach and fish with soft bones such as salmon and sardines are high in calcium.

Early Human Occupations in Africa Essay -- African Inhabitation

Early Human Occupations in Africa Galana River, Tsavo National Park, Kenya Research on early human occupations in Africa is challenged with contextualizing artifacts with environmental landscape reconstructions. Understanding the landscape that humans inhabited is crucial for discerning how particular forms of technology (stone tools, grinding stones, ceramics) were used and how prehistoric people succeeded and failed in their modes of subsistence. This knowledge can teach us about how to develop sustainable alternatives that balance the needs of nature and humans alike. Research along the Galana River in Tsavo National Park , Kenya is providing a useful data set through which multiple, long-term habitations of several sites from the Middle to Late Holocene are currently being analyzed. Early foraging occupations of the site of Kahinju (5960 ±480 years bp, 5000  ±400 years bp ) correlate to pluvial periods as recorded in ÃŽ ´18 O ice core records from Mount Kilimanjaro (Thompson et al. 2002) . These occupations also correspond to periods of generally low periodicity in the El Nià ±o/...