The Role Of Media Systems Throughout The United States

Costa Rica has a population of 3.7 million people, and although the official language is Spanish, English is spoken around Puerto Limon. The country spans 51,000 square kilometers and is divided into seven provinces. The nation s capital, San Josà ©, is home to one-third of all Costa Ricans. Costa Rica has long history of democracy, no army, and relatively peaceful political development, which provides a stark contrast to many of the war torn countries in Latin America. The majority of Costa Ricans are of European or mestizo descent, and Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion, though evangelical Protestantism is becoming increasingly common.Costa Rica has one of the highest literacy rates in the region with 95 percent of the population considered to be literate.It has the region s highest standard of living, and a life expectancy comparable to that of the United States. Costa Rica also has a legacy of supporting education, beginning with universal free public education in 1879, thus leading to the rapid development and expansion of all forms of media. To fully understand the role of Media Systems throughout Costa Rica, we must first consider the nation’s history. In the colonial era, Costa Rica was often forgotten, as it lacked the labor force and mineral wealth the Spanish colonists were interested in. In 1824 an elected congress chose Juan Mora Fernandez as the first chief of state, and the first newspaper appeared shortly after his re-election in 1829. The firstShow MoreRelatedGender, Race, And Class957 Words   |  4 Pagesthat luxury can only be afforded by primarily white, rich males. The media in the United States has made a lot of progress towards showing gender and racial equality on TV but America still has a long way to go. As of 2015 white men still have a patriarchal ranking in media compared to women and minorities. 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The perception of Arabs and the Islamic religion has created a system in which prejudices and stereotypes worked their way so thoroughly into literature, education, history, language, and social mores

Experiential Analysis Occupational Self Analysis Project

Experiential Analysis of Occupation Worksheet Occupational Self-Analysis Project Attach the excel pages that calculate the percentages of the experiential ratings to this worksheet. Use this data to analyze your experiential ratings and answer the following questions: What do these frequencies (of productivity, pleasure, vitality, and time-pressure) say about your patterns of your occupational experiences? Is one more prominent than the others? Do any co-occur? For each category, the highest frequency of ratings was four. For productivity, pleasure, and vitality, this meant that I was neither productive nor unproductive, neither displeasure or pleasure, and neither drained or renewed. This may mean that I am often engaging in tasks that†¦show more content†¦I also added the percentages for all experiences ranked over 4. The percentage of time I ranked myself as productive (ratings 5, 6, and 7) was 11.65% of the time. The percentage of time I ranked vitality as a 5, 6, and 7 was 12.06%. Finally, the percentage of time I ranked my experiences as pleasurable (ratings 5, 6, and 7) was 12.32%. I had more pleasurable experiences than productive or renewing experiences. What experiences were most common at certain times of the day (the morning, afternoon, evening)? For example, were you more productive in the early morning, mid-morning, early afternoon, late afternoon, evening or late night? Did you find more pleasure during meals or late afternoon? Look for your patterns. I tended to show more productive experiences in the morning or early afternoon. I was least productive late at night. I had the least amount of pleasurable experiences at work, in class and while working on homework. I had the most amount of pleasurable experiences spending time with others and relaxing. Breakfast and mornings tended to be more pleasurable. I found more pleasure in breakfast than other meals. I felt the most drained waiting for things to start, such as waiting for class or waiting for the bus. Additionally, I felt more drained coming home from work at night. I felt more restored when spending time with people and after organizing my schedule in the afternoons. I felt theShow MoreRelatedMarketing Research Topics1249 Words   |  5 PagesImportant Topics for Projects in Marketing Selection of research topic is the basic and important part of research report, thesis or dissertation. It requires a lot of energy, resources and time to choose an appropriate topic for the research. There are numerous factors which need to be taken into consideration before final selection of the research topic. For example a research topic should neither be too broad nor should be too narrow. 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Application of Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory †Free Sample

Question: Discuss critically the application of Herzbergs motivation-hygiene theory to a deeper understanding of how to develop your staff in the school, college or university context in your country. Answer: Introduction This assignment has aimed to critically discuss application of the motivation-hygiene theory of Herzberg towards a deeper understanding of the development procedure of the staff in the context of the colleges in Kazakhstan. A prime economic depression reduces the public financing for the Kazakhstan education following the independence from the Soviet Union. In the link with a lack of teachers or a lack of facilities in school, instead of two sessions few secondary and primary schools run three, so one student group attends from 1pm to 6, and a second group of students from 8 to 1pm. Therefore, it has resulted in the teachers who do overtime; students are overused facilities and are kept up late. According to a report of Asian Development Bank, the public education financing is low in Kazakhstan is low and the procedures for introducing the private financing have become unsuccessful (Glassman 2014). Secondly, this assignment has implemented a proper way of motivating the staffs in the colleges, schools and universities by developing their skills in order to provide education to all the country people. Furthermore, the third purpose of this assignment is for applying the Herzberg motivation Hygiene theory in the context of the staff development in the institutional improvement. The assignment would also provide an exploration and the explanation regarding the understanding of the importance of motivation within a group of staff in an institution in a country like Kazakhstan. The value and the applicability of the theory have also been critiqued and its strengths and the limitations have also been examined in this assignment. It has been done by contrasting where applicable with the additional and applicable theories that would help in understanding the motivation of staff such as the teachers, professors in the institutional workplaces of colleges, schools and universities. Hence, in this discussion Herzbergs theory would take an important role to identify the wa y of motivating the professors of the colleges of Kazakhstan where education system is facing a lot of problem due to the lack of motivation among the professors for the critical financial situation of the country. Herzberg Motivation-Hygiene Theory In accordance with the theory stated by Herzberg, there are few factors of job that result in the satisfaction when there are other factors of job that prevent dissatisfaction (Adair 2011). According to Herzberg, the opposite of Dissatisfaction is No Dissatisfaction and the opposite of Satisfaction is No satisfaction. He has categorized these factors of job into two different segments. The first segments are the Hygiene factors: these are the factors of job those are important for the motivation existence for the long-term (Allende 2011). However, if these job factors are non-existent or if these factors are absent at the workplace, then it would result in dissatisfaction. Furthermore, these hygiene factors are the factors that while reasonable or adequate in a job, do not make the employees dissatisfied and pacify them (Beringer and Fletcher 2011). The job factors are extrinsic for working. These factors are also known as the maintenance or the dissatisfaction factors because they are needed for avoiding the dissatisfaction (Demir 2014). These job factors demonstrate the job scenario or the job environment. These kind of job factors symbolized or indicated the physiological requirements that the individuals expected and wanted to be met. These factors incorporate: Pay - the salary or pay structure should be reasonable and appropriate. It must be competitive and equal to those in that similar industry in that similar domain (Fugar 2015). Administrative Policy and Company Policy - the policies of organization should not be very rigid. These should be clear and fair. This should incorporate flexible and reliable working hours, vacation, breaks, dress, code and many more (Herzberg 2012). Fringe Benefits - the workers or the employees should be got the offers of the plans of health care that is mediclaim, employees help programs, benefits for the family members and many others (Herzberg 2015). Physical Working Conditions - the condition of working should be hygienic, clean and safe. The equipment of work should be well-maintained and updated (Herzberg 2012). Status - the status of the employees within the company should be retained and familiar (Herzberg et al. 2014). Interpersonal Relations - the employee relationship with their subordinates, superiors and peers should be acceptable and appropriate. There should not be any humiliation or conflict element present (Herzberg 2011). Job Security - the company must give the security regarding job to the workers. The second segment is the Motivational Factors: In accordance with the argument made by Herzberg, the hygiene factors cannot be termed as the motivators. These factors of motivation generate the positive satisfaction (Herzberg, May, and Reuss 2014). These kinds of job factors are inherent to the work. The job factors motivate the workers for a superb or an extraordinary performance (Ivancic et al. 2015). The job factors are also known as the satisfiers. These factors are incorporated in the performance of the job (Kissel, Whitman and Reid 2014). The workers find the factors rewarding intrinsically. The motivators indicated the psychological requirements those were observed as an extra advantage. These factors incorporate: Sense of achievement - the workers should have an achievement sense. It totally depends on the job. There should be a fruit of some kinds in the job (Kotliarov 2013). Recognition - the workers of an organization should be recognized and praised for the accomplishments of them by the managers (May 2014). Promotional and Growth opportunities - there must be advancement and growth opportunities in a company for motivating the employees for performing well (McVay 2012). Responsibility - the workers must hold themselves responsible towards their work. The managers should provide them the work ownership. The employees should reduce the control but recollect liability (Meredith, 2011). Meaningfulness of the work - The work should be itself challenging, interesting and meaningful for the workers for performing and for getting motivated (Mochalova 2012). Application of the Theory in Staff Development Context Students, teachers and the formal employees are the building blocks of the research and educational activities of the universities of Kazakhstan. The success of a school or a college depends on the assimilated efforts given by the students or teachers of that particular school or college (Montuclard et al. 2012). The joining of Kazakhstan to the Bologna Process involves the qualitative changes research as well as educational activities of the Kazakhstan Universities. It also have imposed specifically high requirements towards the competence level of the teaching staff. The students and the teachers of the school or college would contribute collectively to the growth of that specific educational institution while they got enough motivation (Martyushev, Sinogina and Sheremetyeva 2015). The universities in Kazakhstan require the teachers are not capable of transferring professional knowledge and for generating new concepts but also play a certain socio-cultural values and experiences. T he teachers of the contemporary universities is a kind of phenomenon that not only the teacher investigates simultaneously and save buckets and can relearn throughout the life. The importance of the staff motivation in this context has been mentioned below, Evaluation According to Palardy (2014) is very important to control, encourage and understand an individuals own behavior as a manager in terms of motivating controlling and encouraging the student as well as the teacher behavior of that educational institution (Martyushev, Sinogina and Sheremetyeva 2015). It can be act as an extrinsic factor of the Herzberg two factor theories. The university staffs in Kazakhstan should work upon the usage of the opportunities and strengths of them to lower and neutralize the negative influence of not being educated or not providing education. Being familiar with the students and the staff of a school or a college It is an intrinsic factor that conveys that the management authority of a university should be well behaved with the teachers, professors or other employees who are teaching many students and working for that educational institution (Martyushev, Sinogina and Sheremetyeva 2015). The better and more the management authority know their employees and teachers; the simpler it is for getting them engaged in the job and in the achievements of the goals of the educational institution. It would invite also the loyalty and the commitment of the employees as well as the teachers of that certain school or college (Palardy 2014). A cordial relationship between the subordinate and the superior is a major factor in the job satisfaction. Providing the teachers and the employees specific advantages- Educational institutions in Kazakhstan should provide their teachers or employees financial as well as some other advantages (Palardy 2014). This factor acts as an intrinsic factor in the two factor theory. A certain school or college in Kazakhstan should provide the employees, teachers or professors bonuses, those institutions should pay them for extra effort and provide them insurance benefits of family and health (Pegler 2012). Participation of an educational institution in the induction program of new teachers or professors - the induction programs proceed with the advertising of recruitment (Pugh 2012). The powerful entrants, at this point of time begin the creation of their own desires and impressions regarding the educational institution and the job (Sachau 2011). This can act as an extrinsic factor of the two factor theory. It is the way through which the selection procedure is arranged and the consequent process of recruitment either damages or builds the impression regarding the school or the college in Kazakhstan and the job. Therefore, the management authority of the school or college must have something to say in advertisement framing and also in the process of recruitment and selection (Shashkova 2010). The management authority of the educational institution must take personal interest in the joining dates, the cost of removal, and the family relocation issues of the selected candidates after the decision regarding the candidate is made (Smith et al. 2013). Being noticed by the entire school or the college and the new recruit to be completely involved would assure a persuasive entry in the company (Smith et al. 2013). Providing feedback or the review constantly to the employees, teachers or professors - the employees or the teachers are very eager to know how they are performing individually in the school or the college (Smith et al. 2013). It can act as an Intrinsic factor in Herzbergs two factor theory. Therefore, the educational institution requires to give a constructive and regular feedback to the staffs. It would be more acceptable for the employees (Srisawat 2014). The educational institution in Kazakhstan does not base the reviews on any kind of assumptions, but on personal observation and facts (Vincent et al. 2015). The school or college in the country should not indulge in the comparing or favoring an employee with someone else. The management authority of that particular educational institution should sit with their employees or the teachers on weekly or daily basis as well as assure that the feedback or the review happens (Vroom and Deci 2014). It would help in boosting the morale of the employees as well as the teachers and would motivate them a lot (Wellens 2011). Acknowledging the employees or teachers of an educational institution based on the achievements of them - Some words of praise, a pat on the back and giving a credit note to the employee or the teacher at the personal level with some kind of wide publicity can provide motivation the employees and the teachers very much (Carr 2015). The educational institutions should make it a point for mentioning the outstanding achievements of the employees as well as the professors in the journal of the school or college or in the official newsletters (Morgenroth, Ryan and Peters 2015). It can act as an intrinsic factor in the two factor theory. The educational institution not only should acknowledge the employee and the teacher who fulfills and over exceeds the need of education in the country but also the institution should acknowledge the employee or the teacher with highest contribution (Morgenroth, Ryan and Peters 2015). Assuring the effective management of time - Having control over time of an educational institution assures that the things are implemented in a correct way (Wrosch and Heckhausen 2015). Therefore, the educational institutions in Kazakhstan should motivate the employees as well as the teachers for having closed time that is few hours while no interruptions are there for the teachers in the performance of the job role of them so that they can be concerned about the job (Herrmann and Brandsttter 2015). It is an extrinsic factor in the two factor theory of motivation established by Herzberg. The institution should plan for the one-one-one sessions of communication with the teachers as well as employees where they can ask their questions and can also get the attention of the institutions. Thereby, they would not realize to be neglected (Gitlin, Winter, and Stanley 2015). Presence of the techniques of managing stress in an educational institution - A particular school or college should make an environment in that institution and its employees and the teachers can work and teach respectively within the levels of optimum pressure (Sivasubramanian, Aktharsha, and Mohamed 2015). The institution must assure an optimistic attitude to the stress in the school or college in Kazakhstan. This is also an extrinsic factor in the motivational theory. The institution should have the training programs regarding the stress management and assure a follow-up with the teacher and employee meetings on the manner stress can be minimized at the work (Rahman et al. 2015). The institution in the country should provide their teachers and employees a proper autonomy to work. They should recognize the symptoms of stress in teachers and employees and try for dealing with them (Minern 2015). Usage of the counseling technique - the feelings of the employee and teachers to the work and teaching profession, towards their future, their superiors and their peer can effectively be dealt through the counseling of them (Kim et al. 2015). It gives a support, incentive an environment that makes enable an individual employee and teacher for achieving their identities (Alebouyeh et al. 2015). Providing employees and teachers the opportunities to learn more - The teachers consistently should learn new skills on their jobs regarding teaching their students (Gemeda and Tynjl 2015). It can also acts as an intrinsic factor. The chances or the opportunities should be provided to them for developing their competencies and skills as well as for making best usage of the skills (Lam 2015). Therefore, the institution should link the goals of the educational institution with the goals of the teachers and professors (Alebouyeh et al. 2015). Development and encouragement of the creativity - the educational institution in Kazakhstan should encourage the teachers for developing the skills of creativity so as for solving the problems regarding educational system occurred in that country (Ko and Jun 2015). The management authority of the institution should provide the employees and the teachers the resources and time to develop creativity (Phillips 2015). The development and encouragement of theb creativity is the intrinsic factor in the two factor theory of motivation. The institution should invite suggestions and ideas from the teachers as well as the employees. These ideas and the suggestions may result into very productive for that that particular institution (Alolayan and Saidi 2015). Job enrichment adaptation - the term Job Enrichment refers to providing space for the betterment in the quality of the working life (Mehrad, Redzuan and Abdullah 2015). Therefore, it is an extrinsic factor and it also means the facilitation of the people for achieving the success, fame and self-development through a more interesting and challenging job that gives more advancement and promotional chances (Westphal, Marnochan and Chapin 2015). The educational institutions in Kazakhstan should provide the teachers more independence in their jobs, it should engage them in the process of decision-making, show them loyalty and celebrate the achievements of the teachers. Respecting the group of employees and teachers - Not only an educational institution should respect the rights of employees for expressing and sharing their views but also the time of them. It can act as an extrinsic factor in the motivational theories. It would assure that the staffs respect that institution and the institution time. The school or college should make the employees and the teachers realize that they are respected just nots as staffs but as individuals also (Thibodeaux et al. 2015). These all importunes are related to the Herzberg two factors theory very soulfully. All of those factors are interconnected as the intrinsic or extrinsic factor those are helpful in motivating the staffs of a certain college. Importance of motivation Within a Staff Group Motivating the staff group is very important for a school or a college as of the following advantages it gives, Motivations makes the human resources active Every attention and concern of needs financial, physical and human resources accomplish the goals of any kind of educational institution. The human resources can only be used by making the complete use of it through the motivation. It can also be implemented by constructing the willingness in the staffs of a school or a college to work or to teach the students. It would help the school or college to secure the best possible resource utilization by that particular institution (Marshall, Mottier, and Lewis 2015). Improvement in the efficiency level of the staff in a school or a college: The level of a normal employee or a teacher does not depend only on the individual abilities and qualifications (Marshall, Mottier, and Lewis 2015). The gap between the willingness and the capability has to be filled that would help in the improvement of the performance level of the teachers and the employees of that school or college to get the best of their performance of work. Therefore, it would result into reduction in the cost of operation, improvement in the style of teaching as well as the increase in productivity and improvement in the overall efficiency (Malik et al. 2015). Leads towards the achievement of the goals of the organization The objectives or the goals of a school or a college can be obtained only at the moment when the following below mentioned factors would take place (Gerhart and Fang 2015). The best possible utilization of the resources must be obtained in the schools or colleges. A co-operative work environment should be there among the teachers and the normal employees of a school or a college (). The teachers as well as the employees of a school or a college must be goal-directed and they should respectively teach and work in a purposive manner (). The objectives of the particular educational institution can be obtained if the co-operation and the co-ordination are obtained which simultaneously can effectively be implemented through the motivation in that particular educational institution (). Construct a good and a friendly relationship: The term Motivation is a very essential factor that brings the satisfaction of employees (Mehrad, Redzuan and Abdullah 2015). It can be implemented by framing and remembering a plan for incentive for the benefit of the employees as well as the employees because they are serving for the welfare for the students. It can initiate the following mentioned factors: Promotion opportunities for the teachers as well as the employees worked in a school or a college. Non-monetary and monetary incentives In terms of constructing a friendly, cordial environment in a concern, the above mentioned paths should be taken by the management authority of a school or a college. It will help in: Efficient and effective co-operation that brings the stability. Educational unrest and dispute in workers would minimize, The workers would be adaptable towards the changes and there would be no resistance to the change. It would help to provide a sound and a smooth concern in that the interests in individual would coincide with the interests of that educational institution () It would result in the maximization of profit in terms of the increased productivity that is the increased reputation of the school or the college as a renowned educational institution. Leads to the stability of the workforce in the educational institution The workforce stability in the context of school and college is very much essential from the aspect of goodwill and reputation of a concern (Kim et al. 2015). The teachers and the employees in a certain school or college can be remained loyal towards the school or college only while they have a participation feeling in the management of that school and college. The efficiency and the skills regarding the teaching technique as well as the working procedure of the teachers and the employees of the school or college would be always advantageous towards the students of that educational institution (Thibodeaux et al. 2015). It would result in a good public image in their respective regions that would seek the qualified and competent people into a concern. The older as well as the experienced teacher or employees can create more stability of the school or college in terms of teaching and building the career of several students. It can be said from the above discussion, that motivation is an internal realization that can only be understood by the management authority of the school or college as the management of the educational institution is in close contact with the teachers and the employees as well (Gitlin, Winter, and Stanley 2015). Desires, wants and needs are co-related and they are the driving forces of acting. The requirements can be well understood by the management authority of the institution and they can accordingly frame the plans of motivation. It can also be said that therefore motivation is a constant procedure as the process of motivation is dependent on the requirements those are unlimited. The process is throughout required to be continued. Therefore, a summary can be made by saying that the motivation is essential for both the teachers and the school or the college (Gitlin, Winter, and Stanley 2015). The importance of motivation to a teacher or an employee of the school or a college as: It would help the teachers to achieve their goals regarding the fulfillment of their career ambition. The job satisfaction always comes with motivation. Hence, teachers are not an exception. They get the job satisfaction while they get enough motivation to teach their students in school or college (). The motivation would also help in the teachers self-development. A teacher or an employee in a school and in a college always would gain by working with a school or a college. On the other hand, motivation is essential to a school or a college as: The more empowered the educational institution is, the more motivated the teachers or the employees are. The more successful is the business, the more is the tea individual employee contribution and the team work (). There would be more creativity and adaptability during the time of amendments. Motivation would lead to a challenging and an optimistic attitude in a certain educational institution. Strengths and Limitation of the Theory in Context of Staff Motivation in College Strengths The two factors model of Herzberg can be utilized for identifying the wide issues or consequences that are needed to be mitigated or resolved in general (Thibodeaux et al. 2015). When the teachers, professors or the other employees of a school or a college are facing a problem of regarding their job security then the management of that school or college can try to address those issues by providing several assurances. This kind of scenario arises while the situation is the combination of low hygiene and high motivation according to the Herzbergs motional theories. The temporary employees or the temporary teachers whose jobs are not confirmed can suffer from the panic of job security (Das, Kumari and Pradhan 2015). On the other hand, their job is very challenging and exciting but at the same time they are suffering from such panics. Therefore, the management of the college or school should keep focus on to secure the jobs of those employees, teachers and professors. After joining in a school or a college in any designation, teachers or any other employees should not be kept in probation period for a long duration. On the other hand, the credit technology transition in the classroom load of the high schools or universities has reflected originally the teachers of the university. The load is enhanced and the teachers consequently have less time on self-development and research. Moreover, an important part of the teaching materials and the lectures need to be translated into the state language for the relevant literatures absence. Therefore, according to the theory they would be got better training so that they can be evaluated as the permanent employees or teachers. In this case, the management should have to take a quick action so that employees or the teachers or professors do not have to do face the problem of job security (Thibodeaux et al. 2015). On the other hand, the teachers, professors, lecturers and the employees should get their proper increment at time in a yearly basis in terms of maintaining high hygiene according to the two factor theory. Therefore the management authority of a certain school or college in Kazakhstan should have to maintain a strict principle to provide the facility of increment towards the teachers, professors and the other employees. Therefore, they would be motivated as well as they would not be unsure regarding their salary increment (Westphal, Marnocha, and Chapin 2015). Every employee, teacher or professor should get the facility of mediclaim so that whenever the employees or the family members of them would suffer from some critical physical illness then they do not have to be worried about their financial support. This fact also falls under the maintenance of the high hygiene in accordance with the two factors theory. Therefore, the management authority of every school or college in Kazakhstan should provide this particular facility towards the employees, the teachers and the professors (Thibodeaux et al. 2015). Limitation There are several limitations or disadvantages of the Herzberg theory of motivation those are also applicable in this scenario. These are as follows, According to the assumption made by Herzberg, there is a correlation between productivity and satisfaction. However, Herzberg mainly stressed on the satisfaction in the research conducted by him and ignored productivity. But in reality, with the increase in the job satisfaction, the productivity also increases (Das, Kumari and Pradhan 2015). In the context of the staff development in any school or college, it is obvious that if a teacher is satisfied with his or her responsibility and job then the teacher would definitely teach his or her students better than before in terms of keeping the best combined situation of high motivation and high hygiene according to Herzbergs two factor theory. In this context of staff development, the reliability of the theory is uncertain. The analysis of this theory is required to be implemented by the raters. These raters may ruin the findings by making an analysis of the similar response in different manner (Das, Kumari and Pradhan 2015). According to Sivasubramanian, Aktharsha, and Mohamed (2015), there are several causes for which the low quality of teaching in the Kazakhstan Universities have been obtained. The aging of personnel, young teachers outflow from the sphere of university, the competence inconsistency of the high school teachers, the complexity of the education of intellectual and scientific competencies of teachers and many other are those causes. All of the challenges encountered in higher education of Kazakhstan, reflect that intellectual incentives and promotion mechanisms, the lack of material, competent personnel policy, strict regulation of teachers in Kazakhstan universities has led to the decline of the status of the teacher. Any comprehensive measure of the satisfaction was not utilized. School staffs may find their jobs acceptable in spite of the matter that they may object or hate a part of their jobs. Therefore, in this scenario, the applicability of the theory became irrelevant to the teachers because the most of the professors are satisfied with their part of the job of teaching students. Hence a contradiction has been taken place with respect to the theory in the context of staff development in a college (Kissel, Whitman and Reid 2014). The Herzbergs two factor theory is composed of bias as it has been made based on the employees natural reaction while they are enquired the satisfaction sources and the dissatisfaction sources at the workplace (Kissel, Whitman and Reid 2014). Therefore, they would then blame the dissatisfaction of the outer factors like peer relationship, company policies and salary structure. The employees would also give the credit to themselves for the factor of satisfaction at the workplace. However, this factor is not applicable in the context of the staff development in a college because the professors in any educational institution like college do not generally blame the dissatisfaction on the external factors. On the other hand, most often, it has been noticed that the dissatisfaction regarding job is less for the teachers (Sivasubramanian, Aktharsha, and Mohamed 2015). Therefore, the Herzberg two factors theory has to face a disadvantageous situation in order to implement the concept in this context of staff development in a school or a college. Conclusion The overall study has presented an evidence of the broader applicability of the Herzbergs motivational theory in the context of the staff development in the institutional improvements. The study has been made in the context of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan is a country where, the lack of teachers, lack of teachers are the main issues those are resisting the educational system of the country. Therefore, to make an improvement in the staff development in the educational institutions, the management authority of the institutions should properly utilize Herzbergs motivational Hygiene theory. The two factor theory is very advantageous in this case. The implication of this theory would lead to the improvement in the staff development by providing several facilities to the teachers, professors, employees and the lecturers in the colleges schools and in the universities in that country. The management authority of the several renowned institutions in the country must have to utilize the application s of the theory those are mentioned above in terms of motivating the staffs to work properly so that the educational situation of the country can overcome the current situation of education. Reference List Adair, J. 2011. Leadership and motivation. London: Kogan Page. Alebouyeh, N., Vameghi, R., Abdi, K. and Soltani, P.R., 2015. Factors Affecting Job Motivation from the Viewpoints of Staff and Managers in Semnan Welfare Organization.Iranian Rehabilitation Journal,13(23). Allende, L. 2011. The applicability of the Frederick Herzberg motivation hygiene theory to Puerto Rican workers employed by Puerto Rican organizations. Alolayan, F.S. and Saidi, H.A., 2015. Salespeople Motivation and Job Satisfaction: Evaluation of Female Salespeople in Saudi Arabia.International Journal of Marketing Studies,7(6), p.130. Beringer, A. and Fletcher, M. 2011. Developing practice and staff: Enabling improvement in care delivery through participatory action research. Journal of Child Health Care, 15(1), pp.59-70. Carr, S., 2015. Interrogating Motivational Theory in the Context of Contemporary Educational Policy.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,191, pp.1383-1391. Das, S., Kumari, S. and Pradhan, R., 2015. Relationship of Family Support with Job Satisfaction and Job Performance of Staff Nurses.International Journal of Advances in Nursing Management,3(2), pp.83-90. Demir, I. 2014. An analysis of shift work in the Turkish national police in light of Herzberg's motivation hygiene theory. Fugar, F. 2015. Frederick Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory revisited: The concept and its applicability to clergy (A study of fulltime stipendiary clergy of the global evangelical church, Ghana. Journal of Science and Technology (Ghana), 27(1). Gemeda, F.T. and Tynjl, P., 2015. Exploring Teachers Motivation for Teaching and Professional Development in Ethiopia: Voices from the Field.Journal of Studies in Education,5(2), pp.169-186. Gerhart, B. and Fang, M., 2015. Pay, Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation, Performance, and Creativity in the Workplace: Revisiting Long-Held Beliefs. Gitlin, L.N., Winter, L. and Stanley, I.H., 2015. Compensatory Strategies Prevalence of Use and Relationship to Physical Function and Well-Being.Journal of Applied Gerontology, p. Herrmann, M. and Brandsttter, V., 2015. Action crises and goal disengagement: Longitudinal evidence on the predictive validity of a motivational phase in goal striving.Motivation Science,1(2), p.121. Herzberg, F. 2012. The managerial choice. Salt Lake City, Utah: Olympus Pub. Co. Herzberg, F. 2012. Work and the nature of man. Cleveland: World Pub. Co. Herzberg, F. 2015. Motivation-hygiene profiles: Pinpointing what ails the organization. Organizational Dynamics, 3(2), pp.18-29. Herzberg, F., Mathapo, J., Wiener, Y. and Wiesen, L. 2014. Motivation-hygiene correlates of mental health: An examination of motivational inversion in a clinical population. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(3), pp.411-419. Herzberg, K. 2011. Quantitative Versuche ber die Elektrophorese des Vaccinevirus. Zeitschr. f. Hygiene., 114(4), pp.637-658. Herzberg, K., May, G. and Reuss, K. 2014. Untersuchungsergebnisse aus der Influenza-Pandemie 1957/1958. Zeitschr. f. Hygiene., 145(2), pp.111-122. Ivancic, M., Reid, D., Iwata, B., Faw, G. and Page, T. 2015. Evaluating a supervision program for developing and maintaining therapeutic staff-resident interactions during institutional care routines. J Appl Behav Anal, 14(1), pp.95-107. Kim, S., Kim, J.D., Shin, Y. and Kim, G.H., 2015. Cultural differences in motivation factors influencing the management of foreign laborers in the Korean construction industry.International Journal of Project Management,33(7), pp.1534-1547. Kissel, R., Whitman, T. and Reid, D. 2014. An institutional staff training and self-management program for developing multiple self-care skills in severely/profoundly retarded individuals. J Appl Behav Anal, 16(4), pp.395-415. Ko, K. and Jun, K.N., 2015. A Comparative Analysis of Job Motivation and Career Preference of Asian Undergraduate Students.Public Personnel Management,44(2), pp.192-213. Kotliarov, I. 2013. Mathematical formalization of theories of motivation proposed by Maslow and Herzberg. Fractal, Rev. Psicol., 20(2), pp.341-346. Lam, A., 2015. Academic scientists and knowledge commercialization: self-determination and diverse motivations. InIncentives and Performance(pp. 173-187). Springer International Publishing. Malik, M., Wan, D., Ishfaq Ahmad, M. and Akram Naseem, M., 2015. The Role Of LMX In Employees Job Motivation, Satisfaction, Empowerment, Stress And Turnover: Cross Country Analysis.Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR),31(5), pp.1897-2000. Marshall, T., Mottier, E.M. and Lewis, R.A., 2015. Motivational Factors And The Hospitality Industry: A Case Study Examining The Effects Of Changes In The Working Environment.Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS),11(3), pp.123-132. May, B. 2014. A study of Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory of job satisfaction as it relates to academic personnel in selected small liberal arts colleges. McVay, C. 2012. Job satisfaction of elementary school principals using Herzberg's motivation/hygiene theory. Mehrad, A., Redzuan, H.H.M.R.B. and Abdullah, H., 2015. The Role of Personality Factors on Job Satisfaction among Academic Staff at Public Research University.Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology,4(1), pp.16-22. Meredith, E. 2011. Developing Frontline Staff in Performance Improvement: Part 1: Tools for Success. Nurse Leader, 9(2), pp.50-53. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Mochalova, M. 2012. Self-organizing, motivation and self-motivation as basis of successful educational professional activity of students of sports higher education institutions. Uchenye zapiski universiteta Lesgafta, (91), pp.115-118. Montuclard, M., Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. and Snyderman, B. 2012 The Motivation to Work. Revue Franaise de Sociologie, 1(2), p.244. Morgenroth, T., Ryan, M.K. and Peters, K. 2015. The motivational theory of role modeling: How role models influence role aspirants goals.Review of General Psychology,19(4), p.465. Martyushev N., Sinogina E. and Sheremetyeva U. 2015. Motivation System of Students and Teaching Staff of Higher Educational Institutions for Research Work Accomplishment. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 166, pp.265-269. Palardy, G. (2014). High school socioeconomic composition and college choice: multilevel mediation via organizational habitus, school practices, peer and staff attitudes. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 26(3), pp.329-353. Pegler, C. 2012. Herzberg, hygiene and the motivation to reuse: Towards a three-factor theory to explain motivation to share and use OER. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 2012(1), p.4. Phillips, J.C., 2015.Retaining Rural Educators: Characteristics of Teacher Retention Practices of Rural School Districts(Doctoral dissertation, LINDENWOOD UNIVERSITY). Pugh, D. 2012. Organization theory. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Rahman, R.J., Hudson, J., Thgersen-Ntoumani, C. and Doust, J.H., 2015. Motivational processes and well-being in cardiac rehabilitation: a self-determination theory perspective.Psychology, health medicine, (ahead-of-print), pp.1-12. Sachau, D. 2011. Resurrecting the Motivation-Hygiene Theory: Herzberg and the Positive Psychology Movement. Human Resource Development Review, 6(4), pp.377-393. Shashkova, S. 2010. The Transformation of the Motivation Sphere as a Factor in the Formation of the Professional and Personality Qualities of Graduates of Higher Educational Institutions. Russian Education Society, 52(2), pp.19-36. Sivasubramanian, N., Aktharsha, U.S. and Mohamed, M.S., 2015. A Study Report on Motivational Challenges Experienced in Scientific and Project Oriented Organisations with respect to Knowledge Management.International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach Studies,2(5). Smith, P., Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. and Snyderman, B. 2013. The Motivation to Work. The American Journal of Psychology, 73(3), p.501. Srisawat, S. 2014. Job satisfaction of Seventh-day Adventist employees in Thailand according to the Herzberg Motivation-Hygiene theory. Thibodeaux, A.K., Labat, M.B., Lee, D.E. and Labat, C.A., 2015. The Effects of Leadership and High-Stakes Testing on Teacher Retention.Academy of Educational Leadership Journal,19(1), p.227. Vincent, M., Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. and Snyderman, B. 2015. The Motivation to Work. American Sociological Review, 25(2), p.288. Vroom, V. and Deci, E. 2014. Management and motivation: selected readings. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Wellens, J. 2011. Professor Frederic Herzberg on management of motivation. 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Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle

Nicomachean Ethics is a collection of ten books authored by Aristotle. The Nicomachean Ethics book attempts to advance the understanding of ethics. As a matter of fact, both book one and two intensely explore the concept of moral virtues. In book one, Aristotle asserts that an individual can have certain moral virtues and lack others. He goes further to explain how the concept of ‘good’ is defined in human life (Bartlewtt and Collins 12). He claims that every pursuit, action, thought or enquiry should be aimed at achieving some good.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the fact that there are many actions that people engage in, Aristotle argues that their ends are countless. Moreover, every individual carry out his or her activities where the end results are expected to be good, a factor that secures the highest end of human life ( Pakaluk 13). According to Aristotle, happiness is the supreme goodness of life. He notes that different people hold diverse opinions on what constitute happiness. There are those who argue that honor is the greatest benefit of human life. Therefore, Aristotle asserts that anything good is most likely to be impressive in the same manner. Nevertheless, there is a considerable diversity of things which people perceive as good. He concludes that anything that constitutes happiness is a virtue (Bartlewtt and Collins 15). In this case, for an individual to be considered good, he or she has to demonstrate some moral virtues. Aristotle divides the human soul into two distinct parts whereby one is rational and the other is irrational (Pakaluk 46). In this case, he will be able to display external goods characterized by pleasant and noble acts that bring happiness to others. Aristotle also argues that politics is the highest level of good since it cultivates dispositions that lead to noble ac tions. He confirms that an individual full of reason get to be happy since the person may act in accordance to reason (Bartlewtt and Collins 19). Apparently, virtuous individuals are able to endure external misfortunes and end up living a happy life that ignorant people. Aristotle concludes that happiness is the key principle that causes people to practice virtues such as confidence, respect, prudence and wisdom. In book II Aristotle discusses and defines how virtue should be understood. According to the author, there are two types of virtues namely intellectual and moral virtues. Aristotle comprehends that people are born with the potential for moral virtuousness and this is enhanced by constant practice. Therefore, ethical virtues are gained by habituation since we have the ability to cultivate and nurture them. For Aristotle, a good government should help its citizens to habituate virtuous acts and make them proper to every occasion (Bartlewtt and Collins 26).Advertising Loo king for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, he laments that education can play vital role in making people take pleasure in good acts. Arguably, Aristotle declines the assumption that virtues and vices are feelings. He comments that the aspects are acquired through deliberate choices since they are natural. He suggest that though ethical virtues are determined by actions and feelings people should try to have the right feeling to act for the right purpose. Still on the argument, Aristotle identifies a crucial distinction between acting virtuously and being virtuous. He argues that one can only become virtuous after learning to behave virtuously (Pakaluk 46). However, he claims that since circumstances vary, there is no distinct rule to follow while exercising virtuousness. Instead, one can develop a mean policy between two extremes where one is excess and the other is scarce. As an example, Aristotle poi nts of that the level of courage might vary depending on circumstances. Works Cited Bartlewtt, Robert, and Susan Collins. Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, Chicago, USA: Chicago University Press, 2011.Print. Pakaluk, Michael. Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Print. This essay on Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle was written and submitted by user Ser Duncan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Civics Questions Essays - Constitutional Law, Rights, James Madison

Civics Questions Essays - Constitutional Law, Rights, James Madison Civics Questions 1. How is government authority in the United States limited? Give one example. The government can not interfere with those rights granted to the people through the Constitution or the Bill of Rights. The Supreme Court is there to protect our individual rights and freedoms. 2.What is the difference between absolute rights and relative rights? No person has an absolute freedom of speach; they are not free to say whatever they like. We do have a relative freedom of speech though, we may say whatever we like as long as it does not interfere with the rights of others. 3. Do all of the rights guarented by the Constitution apply to all people in the United States? Explain. Most rights in the constitution are for all people in the United States, aliens as well as citizens. But not for all rights. For instance, the right to travel freely does not always apply to aliens, especially during times of war. 4. What is the Bill of Rights? When and why was it added to the Constitution? The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the constitution, gauranteeing many rights to the people of the United States. It was added to the constitution in 1791 to meet one of the major objections in the ratification of the Constitution. 5.What effect has the 14th Amendment's Due Process Clause had on the Bill of Rights? The Bill of Rights on it's own applies only to the national government, not the states. The 14th amendment "nationalized" the Bill of Rights applying most of it's restrictions to the states also. 6. Why are the rights set out in the 1st amendment called "fundamental freedoms"? These rights, the right to have freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition, are fundamental freedoms because the are the basis of American government. Our system would not work without these basic freedoms. 7. What is the excessive entanglement standard? Why is it important? A state's school aid law must meet theses requirements: (1) the purpose of the aid must be clearly secular, not religous, (2) its primary effect must neither advance nor inhibit religion, and (3) it must avoid an excessive entanglement of government with religion. It is important to prevent three main "evils"; sponsorship, financial support, and active involvement of the sovereign in religous activities. 8. The Free Exercise Clause protects an absolute right to what? A relative right to what? It provides an absolute right to believe whatever a person wants to believe in the matters of religion. But it only applies a relative right to act as in matters of religion. 9. What are the two fundamental purposes of the 1st and 14th Amendments' protections of free speech, free press, petition, and assembly? (1) To gaurantee to each person a right of free expression - in the spoken and the written word, and by all other means of comunication as well; and (2) To ensure to all persons a full, wide-ranging discussion of public affairs. 10. List two examples of types of speech or expression that are not protected by the Constitution. Explain why these actions are not protected. Slander-Because it infringes on the rights of others. Obscenity- is also not allowed because it infringes on other's rights. 11. What is prior restraint? Is it constitutional? Prior restraint is to curb ideas before they are expressed, and no it is not constitutional. 12. What kinds of assembly are not protected by the Constitution? Why? Those in which the participants trespass on private property, and those that inhibit the running of public service places like schools and court houses. 13. Why has the Supreme Court often upheld state and local laws that require advance notice and permits for demonstrations in public places? Because the authority of a municipality to maintain safety supercedes the right for demonstrations. 14. What is the Smith Act? The Mccarran Act? What has been the effect of Supreme Court decisions involving these laws? Smith act-it is unlawful to teach or advocate the violent overthrow of the United States government. McCarran- All Communist-Action and Comunist-Front's must register with the Attorney General. They have both been sharply limited, leaving them as hollow shells.

Final Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Final Reflection Paper - Essay Example These tools and methods when effectively and correctly applied, the goal is achieved and this can be obtained by also working with an expert researcher in the field. I have discovered through this study that the central theme in every research is in discovering the problem. This is the first approach in any research that calls for concise analysis of the problem described in a clear and precise term that is easy to understand (Leedy & Ormrod, 2013).Once this is done, the researcher can view literature that is related with the subject of study thoroughly and efficiently in order to gather enough information that would lead in the planning of research design. The research process, therefore, takes a course in which a researcher communicates his thoughts, objectives, plans, and methods in a manner that others can read (Leedy & Ormrod, 2013). Through this approach, it is imperative that any research collect adequate information and examine them keenly with a motive of constructing a rich and meaningful picture of a situation. In conclusion, the essence of research is not in merely collecting information but in arriving at a solution to the problem. Having garnered this wealth of information, it is easier for me to correctly undertake a research and achieve

Alternative Approaches to Slowing Global Warming Essay

Alternative Approaches to Slowing Global Warming - Essay Example This paper offers a thorough review of the article â€Å"To Tax or Not to Tax: Alternative Approaches to Slowing Global Warming†, written by William D. Nordhaus. The article written by the author is a comprehensive study and analysis of the various issues relating to global warming from an economic point of view. The articlewas written to find out, how a control by the government on the public goods would help to combat the problem of global warming. The different control mechanisms which are either price controls or quantity controls have undergone a thorough analysis in the article. Along with that the various prospects and the setbacks that the government face relating to these controls have also been discussed by the author. The scientific analysis of the problems of global warming has been provided. This is a constructive approach which would help the reader understand why there is a necessity for the control of pollution. An outline of the source of the problems has been discussed. The issue of climatic changes has been explained with the help of suitable examples. The reader can understand that the emission of various industrial gases are the reasons why the atmosphere around the earth is getting polluted and how it is linked to the changes in the climate. Although the scientists had made the world aware about the negative consequences of global warming a long time back, countries have been instrumental in taking formal actions only at a later stage. In this context the author has put forward the example of United States. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the body that started its functioning with the Kyoto Protocol in 2005. The framework was adopted by the participating industrialized countries where the emissions take place the most. The European Emissions Trading Scheme was an attempt made by the countries of the European Union to tackle the problems of Carbon dioxide emissions in the countries with the implementation of the economic principles (European Environment Agency 11). However, according to the author the Kyoto Protocol had major problems because there was very little scope for inclusion of the other countries. The United States also did not participate in the treaty which acted as a major setback for the success of the mission. The treaty also suffered a failure because the growth in the industrialization took place in the countries that did not come under the purview of the treaty. This is a valid argument put forward by the author because any schemes that are being adopted by the countries have to be remodeled with time. Unless all the countries come forward and participate, a global issue cannot be countered only by a few nations. Therefore Nordhaus posited that the nations did not do enough in the initial stage to combat the pollution levels of their respective countries. Therefore the article does a detailed analysis of the Kyoto Protocol and also tries to look for an alternative solution in case of non viability of the former. The author has presented the first section of the article with global public goods, an example of which is the phenomenon of global warming. The author has describes these goods as those which affect the entire world and are not specific to any country. The global public goods are becoming more prominent with time because of the extensive of use of technology. This representation of global warming is somewhat not appropriate because it is a result of production or consumption of a good and therefore should be considered as a negative externality rather

Thomas Jefferson and Slavery in Virginia Essay Example for Free

Thomas Jefferson and Slavery in Virginia Essay At the bottom it was slavery that divided Virginia along the Blue Ridge Mountains. Most members of the convention have agreed with the opinion of the distinguishing delegate, James Monroe, that â€Å"if no such thing as slavery existed.. the people of our Atlantic border, would meet their brethren of the west, upon the basis of a majority, of the free white population.† But slavery existed, largely as an eastern institution; and it demanded protection from mere numbers both in the state and in the federal government. By-passed in the convention, the dreaded issue, swollen by the hopes and fears of a terrible torrent, soon locked Virginia in another great debate that ripped wide the seams Jeffersonian heritage. In the year 1831, a fanatical slave preacher, Nat Turner, and his band massacred about sixty white people, where most of them were women and children. This was by far the bloodiest events in the annals of American history. Jefferson once said, â€Å"And can the liberties of a nation be thought secure when we have removed their only form basis, a conviction in the minds of the people that these liberties are the gifts of God? That they are not to be violated but with his wrath? In deed I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just; that his justice cannot sleep forever.† Converting crisis to opportunity, many Virginians hoped for the realization of Jefferson’s cherished goal of gradual emancipation, trusting as well that Virginia’s lead would â€Å"impart a resistless impulse† to the whole South. Once again, Jefferson provided the moral justification for western interests, which coincided with emancipation. The House of Delegates referred the slavery question to a special committee dominated by the eastern conservatives. But before the committee could submit its report, debate erupted in the House on two resolutions which instructed the committee to contradictory courses of action. Thomas Jefferson Tandoph, for the liberals, asked the committee to report on the expediency of placing before the electorate a plan of gradual emancipation. Children of slaves born on or after July 4, 1840 would become the property of the state when they came of age, and would be colonized outside the United States when the return from their labor met the expenses of their removal. This was, in essence, â€Å"the plan of Mr. Jefferson,† as everyone recognized; the plan broached by him in the Notes of Virginia slavery debate was also a debate on Jefferson. Standing on the natural rights philosophy, the reformers argued that slavery was both an injustice to the Negroes land a curse to the whites. The principles of American liberty, they said, embraced the whole of humanity. Let the master debase the slave’s humanity, pervert his feelings, muffle his reason, still â€Å"the idea that he was born to be free will survive it all. It is.. a torch lit up in his soul by the hand of the Deity and never meant to be extinguished by the had of man.† The slave system weakened the moral restraints of Christianity. It made industry dishonorable. It retarded popular education and free inquiry. This was another example of how Jefferson’s striking language became â€Å"stereotyped in the public voice.† No other words from his pen, or perhaps from any pen, were more often quoted as gospel by anti-slavery men. Jefferson’s â€Å"false picture† of Virginia society, â€Å"has gone forth to the world as our true character as Benjamin W. Leigh complained in the press. The defender of slavery worked mainly with the ideas of their conservative predecessors in the convention of 1829; however, they introduced not important modification. They were forced to contend now not only for the supremacy of the master race. Defending racial inequality and slavery as laws of nature, attested by all history, the eastern delegates superimposed a still nebulous ideology of white supremacy upon the older conservative ideology of property. The slaves, they said, were happy with their lot, and the whites were more equal and more republican because of this labor system. Increasingly, throughout the South, racial inequalities would be substituted for economic ones, color would become the badge of aristocracy, and class issues would be smothered by the blanket appeal to racial solidarity. Pro-slavery ideology divided society not between the rich and the poor but between the whites and the black. Having assailed the natural rights premises of the reformers, the conservatives went on to argue that emancipation was impractical. What better proof was wanted that Jefferson’s own conduct – he never liberated his slaves, but â€Å"perpetuated their condition by the last solemn act of his life; which is sufficient.. to put to flight all the conclusions that have been drawn from the expressions of his abstract opinions.† His scheme of emancipation was only a day dream. He never went before the public as its advocate. Posterity could not venture what he dared not attempt: â€Å"The fragments of a great man’s thoughts are not only valueless but dangerous. The same genius which conceived them is necessary to fill up their details.. When Hercules died, there was no man left to left his club.† Many things foredoomed the Jeffersonian plan to failure; none, however, was as significant for Jefferson’s place in the southern imagination as the doctrine of state rights. Jefferson, as its champion, had often condemned federal intervention of any sort with slavery in the states. Finally realizing in 1824 that Virginia could never bear the financial burden of compensation and colonization, he put aside his constitutional scruples and proposed the diversion to the states of federal revenue from the public lands in order to effect emancipation. According to Thomas R. Dew wrote in his influential Review of the slavery debate the whole movement of emancipation, â€Å"is but too well calculated to furnish the political lever by which Virginia is to be prised out of her natural and honorable position in the Union..† The reformers hoped that the flood of light turned upon slavery in 1832 would result in its early extinction. But Carolina Nullification, not emancipation, was the absorbing issue of the succeeding session of the legislature, and from this state rights crisis the promising onto-slavery movement never recovered.

Reflective Essay on Music Education

Reflective Essay on Music Education Andrew Nguyen My name is Andrew Nguyen, and Im a sophomore at Golden West College. Im 19 years old, and my major is business administration. For my online class experience, this is my second time taking an online course. My first time was on this years intersession, and I took an American Government course, but it was not that easy. There was too much reading to do, and theres not enough time for studying since intersession classes last for 4 weeks. In the end, I earned a good grade for my effort, and Im hoping that Ill do the same for this class. It taught me about how I should manage my time effectively when Im not inside the classroom, and that I shouldnt procrastinate from doing any readings and assignments. To be honest, Im not exactly a music player. Im more of a listener than a player. I played an instrument before, but I wasnt playing a song. When I was little, I remember myself tapping the keyboards on an electronic piano, listening to random notes, but I didnt have a chance to properly l earn how to play an instrument. However, I taught myself how to play the guitar when I was in high school; unfortunately, I was unsuccessful. There was a lot of complicated information to know about playing music, such as chords and melody, and its overwhelming to memorize it all. Also, I couldnt properly play the instrument because I need to know about the parts of the guitar, so I can control playing better. The problem about playing an instrument is that I kept relying on being perfect, and I just give up easy. For now, I just listen to any songs for relaxation, and I noticed how the song works from beginning to end and the hidden rhythms of the song. Because of my lack of knowledge on music, I thought that taking this class would give me a head start to know about music theory. Ive been listening to popular songs for a long time, and I thought that I could apply my basic knowledge on songs to this class, so I can critically listen to how music works. There are two things I would know by the end of the course. The first one is to know how to read sheet music. It was hard to read because there were so many complex patterns on the sheet music, and its not easy for an average musician. If I took this class, maybe theres a section about understanding the melody or other parts of the sheet music, so I can use that knowledge to learn better on playing an instrument. The second one is to know about the music history. I want to know more about how they developed different methods on crafting the song, so I can use examples from my songs to know how it matches their methods. The song that sounds like a binary form would be Somnus, composed by Yoko Shimomura and sung by Aundrea L. Hopkins. It is the theme song from a best-selling video game, Final Fantasy XV. The title is Latin for sleep, and like the title, the lyrics are also Latin. A binary form has two sections, in the form AB or AABB, that each section repeats the melody, and this song happens to fit into this category. At first, the song opens with a piano melody in a minor pitch. Then, the vocalist sang the Latin lyrics, presenting a theme that could be recognized later. In the second stanza, the song repeats the same melody, but the lyrics changed and the violin and cello can be heard as a harmony. The statement for this song tells the story that the world plunged into darkness while the hero is in hibernation. After the second stanza, the variation occurs, changing the tempo to accelerando, which means to speed up. Within the variation, the piano plays solo, accompanied by the violin and cello. T he tempo starts to ritardando, which means slow down, and then it goes back to the fast tempo, introducing the third stanza, which is the departure of the form. The melody sounds different and the range of the songs tone is medium because of its fast tempo. Within the departure, there are some parts being used from the first section of the song. Two lines from the third stanza introduce a new melody, and then the last two lines repeat that melody, changing the lyrics and range. The departure lets us consider ourselves that if theres darkness, theres always a light to shine the way. In the end, the song goes back to its original theme, ending the song in a minor chord, but lasts for about a few seconds. There are many varieties of musical sounds possible from the human voice. One of the varieties is falsetto. Falsetto is the highest register of the human voice. Its been used as a vocal technique to make the voice unnaturally high-pitched. To use falsetto, the singers must control their vocal cords to get a high note. They do that by imitating someone with a higher voice to shorten their vocal cords and then the cords stretch it out, so it would produce a head voice, which is the high register of the voice in speaking or singing. When using this technique, it has limited octave range, which could lead to passaggio, a transition between the vocal registers. Its a difficult technique to control, but famous singers, such as Prince and Michael Jackson, have practiced this technique to sing their songs better. The origin of the term is unknown because of its vagueness to know what that term is. But during the Renaissance period, the term was common in Italy because thats where they named the term. The term Falsetto is Italian for false. This vocal technique is commonly used by male singers, and they have used it during the 16th century when women were restricted from performing, so the men could fill in their roles at church and on stage. Falsetto has been used in different regions, for they have their own style of this technique. For instance, Hawaii has their own falsetto style. Although its part of the U.S, Hawaii still maintained their traditional culture before they annexed to the U.S. Their falsetto music dates back a long time ago when a group of immigrants from different countries brought their music with them, combined with their Hawaiian music that created their falsetto. Their falsetto is called ka leo kiekie. Like the other cultures in the 16th century, women were forbidden to perform while the men sang in high pitch. Whats different from the western use of falsetto is that they would emphasize the tone between the vocal registers. They would also amplif y the tone through repetition. Theyve used this technique to sing stories about their state culture. There may be some female singers used falsetto, but theres barely any proof of that since most male singers have used this technique for a long time. Another variety of music sound from the human voice is yodeling. Yodeling occurs when the singer switch between their voice from normal to a high pitch. When yodel, the singers have control of their voice in the range by switching to different vocal registers, and they timed their yodeling for a few seconds in a high volume. They sang non-lexical syllables to help project their yodeling. The origin of this technique is unknown since theres no evidence indicating when and how it was created; however, historians believed that yodeling occurred in the Alpine mountains in Switzerland. In the Renaissance era, the early yodeling was used by the herders to help communicate their flock of cows, or they used the technique to communicate the villagers from a different village. For the communication on the villages, perhaps yodeling acted as an early development of making long-distance communication before the telephone was invented in the 19th century. Since that discovery in the Alps, it beca me an everlasting tradition in Europe, and then it became popular in the 1830s for entertainment. Other than the Swiss Alps, yodeling is common around different cultures from around the world. For example, Central Africa has used yodeling. An ethnic group called the pygmy people yodeled for their complex polyphonic singing. Another example is the United States. A group of German immigrants first introduced yodeling in the 1800s to the U.S. Yodeling was used for their minstrel shows, consists of skits, acts, dancing, and music, throughout the 19th century. But after the 1900s, yodeling became common when singers use it for their country music. Yodeling has been useful for a long time, for it provides a purpose for letting the people communicate with each other and give different formats to express music also. String: An example of a string instrument is a violin. It is the smallest and high-pitched instrument in the string family. A violin is a carved hollow wooden box, which consists of many parts. The top plate of the violin is the top plate, or the belly, that joins the back plate by the carved sides called the ribs. The neck of the violin is attached to the front side, and that flat wooden strip on top is called the fingerboard. It runs across the neck to the bridge, which is in the middle of the top plate. The four strings are attached to the tailpiece, located on the bottom of the top plate, and then it runs across the bridge and neck to be fastened to four pegs in the pegbox, located at the top of the neck. A scroll is attached on top of the pegbox to make it decorative. Between the bridge are two f-holes. The sound holes were carved to reduce the thickness of the top plate and act as a resonator to strengthen the sounds created by the strings. Finally, located at the bottom of the top plate is the chinrest. It helps the violinist to position their jaw or chin when playing the violin. To play the violin, the player must hold the violin with his left hand and the bow in his right hand. On the violinist left side, the fingers must be on the fingerboard, chin on the chinrest, and the body of the violin resting on the shoulder. Also, the strings must be tuned in the order, G, D, A, and E, from the left to right. When the violin is played, the violinist presses the strings to change the pitch, and he can also shift his left hand up and down to create a high or low set of tones. As for the bow, it is drawn onto the strings, causing the strings to vibrate to produce a high pitch. There are many techniques to play the violin and other bowed instruments, such as double-stopping, playing two strings at the same time to produce a chord, and open strings, without touching the string to produce the lowest note. Ever since the Baroque era, the violin is divided into two se ctions of the orchestra, the first and second. The first violinists play the melody while the second violinists play the harmony (or sometimes melody). Other than the orchestra, they also have the same role of being first and second in the string quartet, which consists two violins, one viola, and one cello. The violin plays a minor role in popular music, but in western culture, they called violin playing, fiddling. A fiddle is a second name for the violin, but its only known to bluegrass and country music. The fiddle and violin have the same shape, but their playing style is different. Fiddling would produce dancing rhythms, along with quick note changes, while the classical violin plays sustained notes. Overall, the most common uses for the violin is in classical music. Woodwind: A flute is an example of a woodwind instrument. Throughout history, the flute was the oldest instrument. They were made of wood, and it came in different forms depending on the culture. But now, most of the flutes constructed is now metal. In the metal version, there are three joints on the flute: the head, middle, and foot. In the head joint, it has a small piece at the end of the joint called the crown, and it keeps the head joint positioned at its usual depth. Near the crown is the embouchure hole, the center of the lip plate, resting place for the lower lip. The next joint is the middle joint, and its an important part of the instrument. The middle joint consists of flute keys. The original flute has open holes that would be covered with fingers; however, the modern flute replaced the original with a complex system of knitted keys and steel. Most modern flutes have closed-hole keys while some have open-hole keys. The closed-hole is common for beginners because it helps learn how to properly hold the flute, but the open-hole is an advanced flute because of its use for making special effects for contemporary music. The last joint of the flute is the foot joint. The foot joint is where the sound produces from the flute; however, the foot joint also has keys. There are two types of foot joint: C and B foot. The B foot joint has three keys while the C foot joint has two. Depending on what foot joint the flute has, it would produce a different tone and register. To play the flute, it must be held horizontally to the right, so the player is in a good stance. Then, the left hand must be in the first half of the middle joint while the right hand is on the second half. Once the flutist is in position, the flutist can blow through the lip plate to produce a soprano voice in a low register. There are no specific chords for the flute, but wherever they press the keys, it can produce a specific octave scale in a flat or sharp note. In the symphony orchestra, it has the minor role in playing the melody frequently because of its timbre being noticed in the orchestra. But the most common uses for the flutes occurs in concert and marching bands. In the concert band, the woodwind instruments are seated in front, like the string instruments in the orchestra. Theres no specific seating chart for the concert band, but the flute or another woodwind instrument can play either the melody or harmony in this ensemble. As for the marching band, the flute produces high-pitched tones for the band, but sometimes they play the melody of their musical piece. Brass: A trumpet is an example of the brass instrument. It produces the highest pitch from the brass family, declaring itself with a brilliant tone color. Like all brass instruments, it has a mouthpiece on the back. The mouthpiece leads a flow of air from the player to the trumpet to produce the sound. Connected to the mouthpiece is the lead pipe. This pipe leads the soundwave around and through the instrument. The next part is the tuning slide. Its in a c-shape, and it slides in and out to adjust tuning the trumpet, so the further its slide out, the lower the tone it would produce. On the tuning slide is the small lever called the water key. Whenever the player blows through the mouthpiece, theres a small amount of moisture coming inside the trumpet. To clear the moisture, they should press the key and then blow the mouthpiece to get the water out. Next is the valve slides. There are three different valve slides, each connected to the valve pistons. Its like the tuning slide, but th e valve slides tune the pitch of each valve pistons. The important feature of the trumpet is the valve pistons. The three pistons move up and down in the valve casings to produce different tones by different combinations of air pressure and finger movements from the player. However, each valve pistons are different, for they lower the tone of the chromatic scale. The fist piston lowers the tone by a half step while the second lowers the tone by a full step. Also, the third piston lowers the tone by a minor third, which is three half steps. At the end of the trumpet is the bell. This part is recognizable because its part of every brass instruments. It amplifies and creates the sound of the trumpet. To play the trumpet, the player must hold on to the valve slides on the left side while the right side is positioning the fingers to the pistons. And then, the player blows through the mouthpiece and uses the valves to start playing. When playing the trumpet, it plays an octave scale depen ding on what valves theyre pressing. The most common uses for trumpet is in classical and jazz ensemble. In an orchestra, the brass instruments are seated behind the string section because of its loud dynamics. For the trumpet, its mostly been used as a harmony to produce a brighter sound for the orchestra and sometimes plays the melody. In jazz music, the trumpet plays the lead role in an ensemble. The trumpet player carries the melody of most jazz songs because of its loud pitch. Along with the trumpet is the trombone that is part of a bass line and a counter melody to the trumpet. Percussion: The cymbals are an example of the percussion instrument. The cymbals are two circular plates, made of different types of alloy. Each cymbal has a leather strap in the middle, so the player can hold the cymbals. Theres no specific example on how to play this instrument. What the player needs to do is struck against another cymbal, creating an indefinite pitch. The cymbals have been used in many ensembles, ranging from orchestra to marching band. In the orchestra, the cymbals play a minor role there, for their role is to surprise the audience for drama and excitement, or its used to emphasize the rhythm. Also, the cymbals have a major role in the marching band. Along with the percussion instruments, theyre responsible for keeping the tempo going. Even when the brass and woodwind instruments are not playing, the percussion instruments keep on playing. The cymbals in the marching band follow the accented rhythms the drums are making, so they would keep the audience surprised. Last Friday, I watched How I Met Your Mother on TV, and I noticed their use of music. The show started with an opening scene, and then move on to the intro, which lasts around 10 seconds. Most of the scenes that I watched doesnt play a lot of music, but I heard some background music playing because of the locations the characters were at, such as bars, restaurants, and house parties. However, I heard some instruments playing when they switch to new scenes. Most of the instruments played at a soft dynamic, and the most common instrument I heard was an acoustic guitar. There are some instruments included, such as piano, violin, and harp. The show ends with credits, and it plays an extended intro song. With those instruments combined, I recognized a pattern for using music. Most of the instruments I heard on the show have been used as tools for storytelling. The show played the guitar and piano to show what the characters are doing right now. Also, they used the two instruments for movi ng ahead in the next days or weeks. It could be fast or short depending on how much tempo is used. But the most important use of the instruments is setting the mood. The characters can conflict with each other, and the instruments played a major or minor chord depending on what emotions theyre feeling right now. It helps attract the viewers to get their attention to see what happens next, and it lets the viewers feel sympathy towards the characters emotion because of the tonality of the scene. There were some minor uses for the instruments. For example, the harp was played to show the characters flashback or imagination of the future because the harps tone is mystical for any strange occurrence to happen in the future. As for the violin, it helps build suspense for the scene. It plays a low pitch, and as the low pitch ends, it plays a high pitch, bringing a surprise to the viewers. In this show, the suspense can affect the characters, but its funny to watch when something minor look s serious to them doesnt look serious to the viewers. As for the commercial breaks, theres so many random music playing. Theres no specific pattern about music playing in the commercials. But I noticed about how they choose their music. Depending on the advertisement, they used music that matches the companies theme to persuade their audience to buy or support the product. For example, I remember seeing a commercial about the charity group. Theyre persuading the audience to support the abused animals. They persuaded me with pictures of pets with sad eyes, and they used a piano music in a minor chord to get us emotionally attached to the pets. Overall, commercials used music to make us believed that the benefits they showed would work on us.