Sunday, August 18, 2019
ecosystems :: essays research papers
Factors of Community: 1.     Interactions between the climate and topography a.     â€Å"Rainfall, soil, temperature†2.     The food and resources that grow 3.     Other specific resources necessary for a species to survive and adapt to. (Ecological niche) 4.     Species interaction 5.     Physical disturbances, addition/removal of certain species -These factors determine population sizes of an ecosystem. -Conditions of arctic regions don’t allow many animals to live there due to the low temperature. Niches: (all relationships in which species engage in order to survive and reproduce)      -Fundamental Niche is a theoretical niche, where there are no constraints or limited resources)      -Realized Niche is the actual niche, where there are constraints on resources) Symbiosis: (â€Å"living together†Species interacting in +, -, and = ways) Mutualism (++)      -Both species in interaction benefit      -Obligatory Mutualism -One species cannot grow/reproduce without another species      EX. Yucca plants are only pollinated by Yucca moths.           -Yucca moths only grow in the yucca plant and only eat Yucca seeds. Co-evolution      -The prey and predator build better defenses and counters to the other’s abilities.      -Since the best of the prey/predator survive more often, they have more chance to reproduce.           -Soon only the strong survive, thus, the best ways of countering reach the entire population.      -EX. Camouflage, Mimicry (faking a characteristic), Spewing toxins, showing teeth, etc Carrying Capacity      -Maximum number of individuals that resources of environment can maintain.      -Predator-Prey populations can fluctuate.           -Predators may not adjust quickly enough to the abundance of prey.           -Additional predators could also influence the rate.           -As more predators reproduce and eat more prey, the prey population decreases.           -As more prey dies, predators have less to eat and begin to die off.           -With fewer predators, the prey once again starts to reproduce at a faster pace. Predator- Animals that feed on living organisms, but do not live on them Prey- targets of predators that are killed Parasites- Feeds on tissues of living organisms and live on them Host- the organism a parasite feeds on Effects of Parasites      -Feeds off the host’s tissue’s nutrition.           -Alters how much energy enters the organism, and weakens it.           -Can alter birth rates, can sterilize, or make organisms less attractive to mates.           -Can open prey to diseases and infections.      -Usually does not want to cause death, so that it can reproduce for a longer period of time Microparasites      -Rapid reproducers and personally infect the body.      EX. Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoan Macroparasites      -Directly lay their eggs on the host.      EX. Fleas, ticks, mites, lice Social Parasites      -Manipulate the social behavior of another species.      EX. Cuckoos lay their eggs in nests of other species, which push the rightful eggs out.           -The mother of the original eggs ends up feeding the cuckoos. Parasitoids      -Insect larvae that always kill what they eat (larvae and pupae of other insects)
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