Milk and Dairy Products Essay Example for Free

Milk and Dairy Products Essay 1-Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are the best basis of energy for the body. They made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The main group of carbohydrate in foods are sugar, starches and cellulose. We can find Carbohydrate in rice, potatoes, bread, pasta and cereals. The Carbohydrate make people fat, and they are the most source of energy for body. 2-Fats: Fats are complex of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. We need fat for hormone metabolism, to have healthy skin and hair, it also helps to, repair the tissue . it helps to shape to your body. Sometimes it helps to protect the organs which are inside the body like kidneys. The main two types of fats are saturated and unsaturated. You can find saturated fat in animal products like, milk, cheese, meat with fat, cream.fat is the important source of calories and energy for body also it could be so dangerous for your health if you use it too much.fat provide healthier skin and helps the body to use vitamins like A, D E and K because these are fat soluble. 3-Proteins: Proteins are built up longs chain of amino acids. We have got two types of amino acids essential and non-essential amino acids and both of them are necessary for body. We have got two types of protein, animal protein and plant protein. You can find the best source of protein in fish, meat and dairy produce, cereals, rice and eggs Some of your hormones, organs and muscles are made up with protein, and the most responsibility for protein is delivering the oxygen to blood cells. Also protein is needed for growing and repairing tissue and replacement. 4-Vitamins and Minerals: Vitamins and minerals are nutrients which your body require to grow and develop normally.Vitamins are very important for body they help enzyme to work properly, we have two different type of vitamins: water soluble (B vitamins and vitamin C) and fat soluble (A, D, E and K).body can’t make the vitamins so we need to get this from the food because it is necessary for body. We need vitamin A to have healthy eyes; this vitamin is necessary for body growth and repair. They are important to have healthy life, too little amount of vitamins cause health problems also too much of vitamins cause of some disease. Minerals: you can find minerals in earth and sea. they can be found in water, root plants and animals. Some of them are needed for body like iron, magnesium, zinc, aluminium, calcium, For example we need iron to make homeoglobine, and calcium is required for healthy teeth and skin and bones. Amounts needed for most of minerals are very small and too much amounts can be toxic to your body. 5-Water: The most important nutrient in your body is water, your body is mostly made up from water, more than half of your body weight is water, you can live for many days without food but you can’t be alive without water more than a few days.It transmits oxygen and nutrients into all your cells. Also helps control your body temperature. It also helps to your metabolism work properly. We need to drink six or eight glasses of water a day. If the urine is dark in colour, this means that you need to increase your fluid levels. Illness and fever also increase your water necessity, and water replacement is necessary part of much medical treatment P2: Identify different dietary needs at each life stage Infancy (0-3years) The babies only need milk to get the nutrients and breast milk is the best food for them because it contains all nutrients the baby needs. Some mothers are not able to breastfeed so they can feed by cow’s milk but this must be sterilized to prevent infection. Before six months we just suggest rice, other cereal grains like oats, wheat, and barely can be given after six months. For the first few months of their life they get all of the nutrients he needed from their mothers milk. However, babies are growing very quickly, and at about 6 months of age breast milk could no longer meet all they needs, they have to give them solid foods. We should be careful not to give them too many foods high in salt and sugar. Solid foods provide extra energy and nutrients which are needed at this time like Iron and Zinc. You can give them one new food at a time and wait two or three days to see the reaction and find out if they have any allergy or also you can see how well the new food is digested. By about 12-18 months the toddler can eat the same food as the rest of the family, with less salt or sugar. Try to give those different fruit and vegetable as they all have different nutrients and also include some at each meal and offer them as snacks. Make sure your toddler get enough calories. For children between 1 – 3 years old energy requirements increases because children are more active and growing rapidly. Protein requirements do not increase much. Vitamins need to be increased. They need slightly lower amount of calcium and iron. They need more mineral at this stage. Childhood (4-10 years) In this stage the children are very active. Many children, especially those who are not physically active, tend to eat too many calories. Children aged 2 to 3 years, 4 to 6 years, and 7 to 10 years require approximately 1300, 1800, and 2000 calories, respectively. In these ages they need to eat healthy food like fish, meat, pasta, eggs, and potato, they should not eat too many crisp fizzy drinks sweets and biscuits because these cause tooth problems and obesity. Protein is necessary for body growth, so protein requirements for children are higher than for adults. They should take full fat milk and skimmed milk should not be given to children under 5 years of age. After the age of 4 children need more energy and protein, most vitamins and all the minerals except iron. Vitamin C remains the same as they were younger. By the age of 7 – 10 years old their energy and protein intake still increases the requirement for most vitamins and minerals increased except vitamin A and C. dairy products should be mixed up in diet to boost calcium intake for strong bones. We have to give them vitamin D because it helps them to build strong bones and teeth. Adolescence (11-18years): When the children get to ages between 11 – 14 years they need more energy and their protein requirement increases by %50. At the age of 11 vitamin and mineral requirement differs for boys and girls. Boys need more vitamin and mineral but there is no change for some of the vitamins. Girls have to take minerals and iron when the menstruation starts. Between the age of 15 – 18 boys need more energy and protein. They need more B vitamins, C, A and minerals such as magnesium, potassium, zinc and iodine. They need high amounts of calcium because of their skeletal development. Requirement for some B vitamins like B1, B3, B6, C and some minerals like magnesium, potassium and iodine. Boys and girls have the same requirement for B12 and vitamin C, magnesium, sodium and potassium. Girls need more iron but lower requirement for zinc and calcium. Teenagers should be pushed to choose a mixture of foods from the other basic food groups: A lot of starchy carbohydrates bread, rice, pasta, breakfast cereals, and potatoes. Plenty of fruit and vegetables, Two to three portions of dairy products, like milk, yoghurt and pasteurised cheeses, Two servings of protein, such as meat, fish, eggs, beans and pulses. Many teenagers, mainly girls, dont get enough iron in their diet, so we should make sure they get plenty of meat, fish and leafy green vegetables. Protein is important, especially during a teenagers growth spurt, as is calcium and vitamins C and D. Because they are so active, they need lots of energy in their diet. Foods like pasta and bread are good foods as they are high in carbohydrate. Adulthood (19- 65years): In adulthood age 19 – 50 years the energy requirement is less for both women and men, because they are not as physically active as they were and their metabolic rates slow down. Their requirement for calcium is lower Women start losing calcium from bones during and after the beginning of menopause for about five years, after which the rate of calcium loss is reduced until about age seventy-five or eighty. So, it is important for women to eat foods high in calcium up to the age of thirty-five, also women need less magnesium and men need lower amount of iron. Their requirement for protein and most of vitamins and minerals remain the same in comparison to adolescents. Best recommend for food could be: Whole, enriched, and fortified grains and cereals like brown rice and 100% whole wheat bread, vegetables such as carrots and broccoli, low- and non-fat dairy products like yogurt and low-lactose milk, dry beans and nuts, fish, lean meat and eggs, fluid intake (water is best).women have to increase iron to their diet. They should not eat too many high fat foods. Old age (+ 65years): After the age of 65 we need less energy because people get less active after this age. Men need less protein than women and their requirements for vitamins and minerals stay the same for both men and women as it was in their adulthood. After the menopause, women need less iron. The reduction in energy needs, coupled with unchanged requirement for vitamins and minerals means that the nutrient density of the diet becomes more important. Nutrient density means the quantity of vitamins and minerals in relation to the amount of energy supplied by the foods and drinks consumed. With the advancement of age, the capacity to digest and eating large meals often decreases. So, the amount of food given at a time needs to be decreased. If required number of meals can be increased as per the individuals tolerance. They should avoid food rich in fat, cholesrtol and animal fats, especially saturated fats, because they cause some cardio-vascular disease. They can use sunflower oil or soya bean oil to prevent heart disease. It’s better to add vitamin D to their diet.also they have to eat foods which are easy to digest, and eats plenty of fibre P3: explain two medical conditions related to unbalanced diets: You are a key worker at Happy Day Nursery in Sutton. You are looking after two children who recently joined the nursery. Aisha is 4 years of age and she is severely overweight and you are discussing Aisha’s dietary needs with her parents.Shareef is 3 years of age and suffers from anemia.Explain the two medical condition related to unbalanced diets: Obesity: Obesity is when a person is carrying too much body fat for their height and sex. Aisha is a person considered obese because she has a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or more. The problems can cause by obesity is like difficulty breating, difficulty walking or running, increase sweating, high cholesterol She has to reduce fat intake and sugary food stuff .It helps in reducing a lot of calories and, in turn her weight. She has to select foods with low, light or reduced calories or fat, including milk products. Also she needs to take foods that include starches and dairy products She has to take plenty of vegetables, fruits, grain products and whole grains each day. Dairy products should not be missed out. Low-fat, no-fat and reduced-fat milk, yogurts, cheese, ice creams and many other such products available in the market provide a good taste of things to the dieters. With proper nutrition, exercises and support Aisha can lose weight and develop healthy habits for her life. Over nutrition results from eating too much, eating too many of wrong things, not exercising enough, or taking too many vitamins or other dietary replacement. Tooth decay is a symptom of malnutrition. The enamel of the teeth can be dotted with white patches. The bone and teeth become easily breakable. Tooth decay is one of the most common of disorders. It usually occurs in children and young adults, but can affect any person. It is the most important causes of teeth loss in younger people. Anaemia: Anaemia is a lack of red blood cells. Anaemia can be described as the loss of red blood cells or haemoglobin in blood. Haemoglobin is the carrier of oxygen to the various part of our body. Decrease in red blood cells means decrease in the carrying capacity of the blood. Anaemia is primarily the result of nutritional deficiency in our body. The most common symptoms of anaemia are weakness, breathlessness, lack of energy, depression, numbness, tingling sensation, irritability and memory loss. A person with anaemia will feel tired and week because the body’s tissues are being starved oxygen. In fact weakness is the main symptoms of most types of anaemia. Mild anaemia can occur without symptoms and may detect only during a medical exam that includes a blood test. Weakness, fainting, breathlessness, heart palpitations (rapid or irregular beating), dizziness, headache, ringing in the ears, difficulty sleeping, difficulty concentrating, abnormal menstruation are symptoms of anaemia. A proper, well balanced diet is very beneficial for anaemic people. They have to include cereals, rice, pasta, dairy products (milk, yogurt and cheese), dry beans, eggs, vegetables and fruits, meat, poultry, fish and nuts. Beet root is one of the best home solutions for anaemia you can eat them as a cooked vegetable or in salad or even beet root juice for the purpose. Also the good sources of iron are: Liver, green leafy vegetables, beets, dried fruits, brown flakes, brown rice, raisins and prunes. While anaemic people are recommended to have food reach in iron content, vitamin C is required for the absorption of iron. Include citrus fruits like orange and lemon to your diet. Anaemia affects all population groups. However the most susceptible groups are pregnant women and young children. In pregnant women the baby needs extra iron so that the baby has a sufficient blood supply and receives all of the necessary oxygen and nutrients. Low birth weight in infants, young children and women of child bearing age are particularly at risk of anaemia. Women of child bearing age need to absorb 2-3 times the amount of iron required by men or older women. Lack of folic acid, vitamin A or B12 is the case of anaemia in people who are living in developing country. M1: Discuss how to components of a balanced diet contribute to an individual’s health at different life stage: In infancy a baby’s kidneys are not as yet developed strongly enough to hold the high protein and mineral content fully until that age, the same applies to solid foods. After 6 months we can add some solid food to their diet because they are ready to digest the food. During childhood, children’s food needs change usually, depending on their growth and their stage of physical activity and energy needs, a child’s full protein, vitamin and mineral requirements boost with age. Perfectly, children should be building up stores of nutrients in preparation for the quick growth experienced during adolescence. In adulthood they need to eat more fruits and vegetables the good source to take vitamins, minerals and fibre which also help prevent heart diseases, cancers and many health conditions that come up with age, it is encouraged that eat 5 portions of fruit or vegetables each day. Elderly adults should eat a well-balanced diet and exercise frequently; spend some time outside to make better the vitamin D for healthy skin and bones; limit fat and sugar eating such as cakes biscuits and so on; eat foods high in fibre to help bowel health; reduce on salt; eat from a wide range of food and to share mealtimes with friends and family, The amount of food may cut because of the advancing of age effects the capacity to digest food and tolerate large meals. Task2 P4: Identify two service users with specific dietary needs: You are working as a nurse in St.Helier Hospital. You are looking after several patients. One of your patients, Mr.Abdi Hailu suffers from a coronary heart disease. Another patient, Miss Talia Kaunu is lactose intolerant. Identify two service users with specific dietary needs. Mr.Abdi Hailu: Mr Abdi has got Coronary heart disease. It is a narrowing of the blood vessels that provide oxygen and blood to the heart. Coronary heart disease is a major cause of illness and death. Coronary heart disease is generally make happen by atherosclerosis when plaque gather on the artery walls, make them to narrow, resulting in less blood run to the heart. Sometimes a clot may form which can stop the flow of blood to heart muscle. Coronary heart disease normally causes chest pain, shortness of breath, heart attack and other symptoms. So he should change his diet to prevent other damage to the heart. He has to eat lots of fruits and vegetables during the day. Decrease the amount of salt in his food and add some nuts and seeds to their diet and decrease the amount of fat in their diet. Therefor he has to change his life style like stop smoking, have some exercise during the day, have healthy diet and don’t be in stress and reduce emotional. Miss Talia Kaunu: Miss Talia is not able to digest lactose, the sugar found in milk and milk products. It is caused by lack of lactose in her body. So she is not supposed to eat milk and she has to find some alternative like yoghurt and cheese. she might feel uncomfortable after having milk and milk products. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, abdominal bloating, gas, diarrhoea, and nausea. The best management for this situation is: she has to slowly put in small amounts of food and drinks which include lactose to determine the tolerance level or she can drink milk with a meal or with other food. Also there is some lactose enzyme in tablet form; she can take them before eating. When she doesn’t drink milk it can lead her to lack of calcium, vitamin D and protein, so she should find new way to get these, she can take calcium supplements and drink orange juice and have some food which have more calcium, dark green vegetables like spinach and fish with soft bones such as salmon and sardines are high in calcium.

Early Human Occupations in Africa Essay -- African Inhabitation

Early Human Occupations in Africa Galana River, Tsavo National Park, Kenya Research on early human occupations in Africa is challenged with contextualizing artifacts with environmental landscape reconstructions. Understanding the landscape that humans inhabited is crucial for discerning how particular forms of technology (stone tools, grinding stones, ceramics) were used and how prehistoric people succeeded and failed in their modes of subsistence. This knowledge can teach us about how to develop sustainable alternatives that balance the needs of nature and humans alike. Research along the Galana River in Tsavo National Park , Kenya is providing a useful data set through which multiple, long-term habitations of several sites from the Middle to Late Holocene are currently being analyzed. Early foraging occupations of the site of Kahinju (5960 ±480 years bp, 5000  ±400 years bp ) correlate to pluvial periods as recorded in ÃŽ ´18 O ice core records from Mount Kilimanjaro (Thompson et al. 2002) . These occupations also correspond to periods of generally low periodicity in the El Nià ±o/...

A Man Defined by War Essay

Similar to many authors during the early part of the 20th century, Ernest Hemingway uses his first hand experience to write meticulous novels conveying his struggles. Hemingway’s efforts are recorded using new techniques not yet seen before. Hemingway, the author of the celebrated â€Å"A Farwell To Arms,† incorporates meaningful diction, imagery, and syntax in Book 1 to convey his detached tone towards the Great War. Book 1 of â€Å"A Farewell To Arms† sets the groundwork for one of the most influential novels of all time. Lieutenant Frederick Henry, an American ambulance driver for the Italian army, seems stoic about his situation. Henry meets a British nurse, Catherine Barkley. After an evening with Catherine, he says to himself, â€Å"I had treated seeing Catherine very lightly, I had gotten somewhat drunk and had nearly forgotten to come but when I could not see her there I was feeling lonely and hollow.† (41). This is the first time Henry fully recognizes that he loves Catherine. His body drained of guilt, Henry utter, â€Å"when I could not see her†¦.I was feeling†¦ hollow.† A lover without a clue, Henry lays his problems, the war, his love life, and his friends on the table. While away from Catherine, he feels he goes through the motions needed to live but can not actually be attached to the world. Catherine completes him. Just after the priest discusses God, Henry walks through Abruzzi. He thinks to himself, â€Å"†¦lovely was the fall to go hunting through the chestnut woods. The birds were all good because they fed on grapes and you never took a lunch because the peasants were always honored if you would eat with them at their houses.†(73). Henry’s thoughts are obviously disconnected from his main problems. Pondering the birds, Henry detaches himself from the rest of the war. Hemingway’s personal issues regarding the war are exemplified in Henry’s speech. Vibrant, vivid imagery became one of Hemingway’s favorite structural devices. In the early stages of the tale, Henry, still getting accustomed to his surroundings, finds time to observe the less important items of his experience. While viewing the scenery around him, Henry observes, â€Å"snow slanted across the wind, the bare ground was covered, the stumps of trees projected, there was snow on the guns and there was paths in the snow going back to the latrines behind trenches.† (6). His world completely changed, Henry resorts to crafting detached images for himself from his surroundings. Snow generates a sense of permanence, just as the war itself has produced. With the same disinterest as he has in the war, Henry continues to show a lack of concern on his job and sometimes with his friends. Hemingway wants the reader to reconsider their opinion of the Great War and contemplate the lesser things in the world such as nature. While driving an ambulance to Pavla, Henry’s car is demolished by a trench mortar. A general without his authority, Henry struggled through this tragedy using his unbelievable willpower and audacity. Just before the attack, Henry, â€Å"ate the end of my piece of cheese and took a swallow of wine†¦then there was a flash, as when a blast-furnace door is swung open, and a roar that started white and went red and on and on in a rushing wind.† (54). The mortar blast that attacks Henry’s ambulance furthers his dismal attitude towards the war. Hemingway knows that innocent men such as Henry have been injured and killed throughout this war and he knows this is not fair. Above all, he further detaches Henry from the world and the war for the reader’s own thoughts to form about the evilness of guiltless casualties. Syntactical devices are one of literature’s most important and practical modes to get a point across in an exciting and interesting manner. Authors utilize such tools to get deeper meanings across to the reader. A variety of syntax Hemingway utilizes is known as subject. Additionally, while he is illustrating one of those most impressing scenes of Book 1, Henry must deal with other feelings and sights. Henry observes, â€Å"The dead were off to one side. The doctors were working with their sleeves up to their shoulders and were red as butchers. There were not enough stretchers. Some of the wounded were noisy but most were quiet† (56-57). To cope with his negative opinions towards the war, Henry draws up his inner strength to battle them. With the same resolve that drove him to the war, Henry eliminates feelings of sorrow and shows a lack of interest on the front. Another syntactical device utilizes repetition. To prepare the reader for the upcoming idea, Hemingway creates a brilliant structural masterpiece. During a mess hall scene in Book 1, Henry narrates, â€Å"Yes, father. That is true, father. Perhaps, father. No, father. Well, maybe yes, father. You know more about it than I do father.† (38). By repeating the same â€Å"father† over and over again, Hemmingway initiates a serious, monotonous tone to this excerpt. The repetition alone is a cautious statement bending the limits of literature itself. Dr. Robert Lamb believes repetition is key to creating great literature, but the author must know how to apply it. He states, â€Å"†¦the most remarkable aspect of the passage is Hemingway’s†¦employment of repetition. The repetition of key words like want and perfectly†¦are used [to] keep the dialogues relevant.† (Hemingway and the Creation†¦17). Hemingway effectively displays repetition demonstrating Henry’s disinterest and detachment from the war and all of its horrors. The everlasting war establishes Henry’s dismal tone as he struggles to survive the war. Out of Henry’s struggles emerged his strengths. In conclusion, Ernest Hemingway’s innovative techniques in the fields of diction, imagery, and syntax generate the protagonist’s detachment from World War I in Book 1. Deriving from his disinterest comes his affection for a young British nurse. Hemingway’s own conflicts in World War I blend with his views from that war and congregate in this masterpiece.

Aviation Industry Is Not Immune For Changing Economics,...

Introduction As an industry, aviation is not immune to changing economics, low demands, and threats. Throughout the history, there have been hundreds of airlines formed, but some have already disappeared and some are still going strong. Aviation industry is constantly being challenged by economic status, organizations, and individuals which affect the revenue, growth and profitability of each airline. Tragic events that took place on September 11, 2001 put a huge dent in the industry but currently in the process of recovering slowly and steadily. Demands for air transportation is constantly on the rise even with occasional sets backs encountered by the industry such as; terrorism, changing economics, skyrocketing fuel prices, demand changes, and increasing competition. Current Status of the Company In the early days, the airline was struggling to perform financially. It took about five years to post its first profits. Today, the airline operates 10 hubs and 9 maintenance bases which are located mostly on the west coast. Current hubs are also served by the partner airlines. Hub Location Departures Denver International Airport (DEN) 157 Houston International Airport (IAH) 47 Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) 163 Minneapolis St. Paul International Airport (MSP) 66 Chicago International Airport (ORD) 134 Portland International Airport (PDX) 26 Phoenix International Airport (PHX) 67 Seattle Tacoma International Airport (SEA) 25 San Francisco InternationalShow MoreRelatedSouthwest Airline Case Study15774 Words   |  64 PagesHistory Southwest Airlines has been a model of admiration for the airline industry and businesses from around the world combined. Southwest Airlines is a rag to riches story that has had to fight for everything it has become. Before Southwest was able to take on its first passengers, they had to fight competitors in the court system for nearly three and a half years. 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The Role Of Media Systems Throughout The United States

Costa Rica has a population of 3.7 million people, and although the official language is Spanish, English is spoken around Puerto Limon. The country spans 51,000 square kilometers and is divided into seven provinces. The nation s capital, San Josà ©, is home to one-third of all Costa Ricans. Costa Rica has long history of democracy, no army, and relatively peaceful political development, which provides a stark contrast to many of the war torn countries in Latin America. The majority of Costa Ricans are of European or mestizo descent, and Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion, though evangelical Protestantism is becoming increasingly common.Costa Rica has one of the highest literacy rates in the region with 95 percent of the population considered to be literate.It has the region s highest standard of living, and a life expectancy comparable to that of the United States. 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Experiential Analysis Occupational Self Analysis Project

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Application of Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory †Free Sample

Question: Discuss critically the application of Herzbergs motivation-hygiene theory to a deeper understanding of how to develop your staff in the school, college or university context in your country. Answer: Introduction This assignment has aimed to critically discuss application of the motivation-hygiene theory of Herzberg towards a deeper understanding of the development procedure of the staff in the context of the colleges in Kazakhstan. A prime economic depression reduces the public financing for the Kazakhstan education following the independence from the Soviet Union. In the link with a lack of teachers or a lack of facilities in school, instead of two sessions few secondary and primary schools run three, so one student group attends from 1pm to 6, and a second group of students from 8 to 1pm. Therefore, it has resulted in the teachers who do overtime; students are overused facilities and are kept up late. According to a report of Asian Development Bank, the public education financing is low in Kazakhstan is low and the procedures for introducing the private financing have become unsuccessful (Glassman 2014). Secondly, this assignment has implemented a proper way of motivating the staffs in the colleges, schools and universities by developing their skills in order to provide education to all the country people. Furthermore, the third purpose of this assignment is for applying the Herzberg motivation Hygiene theory in the context of the staff development in the institutional improvement. The assignment would also provide an exploration and the explanation regarding the understanding of the importance of motivation within a group of staff in an institution in a country like Kazakhstan. The value and the applicability of the theory have also been critiqued and its strengths and the limitations have also been examined in this assignment. It has been done by contrasting where applicable with the additional and applicable theories that would help in understanding the motivation of staff such as the teachers, professors in the institutional workplaces of colleges, schools and universities. Hence, in this discussion Herzbergs theory would take an important role to identify the wa y of motivating the professors of the colleges of Kazakhstan where education system is facing a lot of problem due to the lack of motivation among the professors for the critical financial situation of the country. Herzberg Motivation-Hygiene Theory In accordance with the theory stated by Herzberg, there are few factors of job that result in the satisfaction when there are other factors of job that prevent dissatisfaction (Adair 2011). According to Herzberg, the opposite of Dissatisfaction is No Dissatisfaction and the opposite of Satisfaction is No satisfaction. He has categorized these factors of job into two different segments. The first segments are the Hygiene factors: these are the factors of job those are important for the motivation existence for the long-term (Allende 2011). However, if these job factors are non-existent or if these factors are absent at the workplace, then it would result in dissatisfaction. Furthermore, these hygiene factors are the factors that while reasonable or adequate in a job, do not make the employees dissatisfied and pacify them (Beringer and Fletcher 2011). The job factors are extrinsic for working. These factors are also known as the maintenance or the dissatisfaction factors because they are needed for avoiding the dissatisfaction (Demir 2014). These job factors demonstrate the job scenario or the job environment. These kind of job factors symbolized or indicated the physiological requirements that the individuals expected and wanted to be met. These factors incorporate: Pay - the salary or pay structure should be reasonable and appropriate. It must be competitive and equal to those in that similar industry in that similar domain (Fugar 2015). Administrative Policy and Company Policy - the policies of organization should not be very rigid. These should be clear and fair. This should incorporate flexible and reliable working hours, vacation, breaks, dress, code and many more (Herzberg 2012). Fringe Benefits - the workers or the employees should be got the offers of the plans of health care that is mediclaim, employees help programs, benefits for the family members and many others (Herzberg 2015). Physical Working Conditions - the condition of working should be hygienic, clean and safe. The equipment of work should be well-maintained and updated (Herzberg 2012). Status - the status of the employees within the company should be retained and familiar (Herzberg et al. 2014). Interpersonal Relations - the employee relationship with their subordinates, superiors and peers should be acceptable and appropriate. There should not be any humiliation or conflict element present (Herzberg 2011). Job Security - the company must give the security regarding job to the workers. The second segment is the Motivational Factors: In accordance with the argument made by Herzberg, the hygiene factors cannot be termed as the motivators. These factors of motivation generate the positive satisfaction (Herzberg, May, and Reuss 2014). These kinds of job factors are inherent to the work. The job factors motivate the workers for a superb or an extraordinary performance (Ivancic et al. 2015). The job factors are also known as the satisfiers. These factors are incorporated in the performance of the job (Kissel, Whitman and Reid 2014). The workers find the factors rewarding intrinsically. The motivators indicated the psychological requirements those were observed as an extra advantage. These factors incorporate: Sense of achievement - the workers should have an achievement sense. It totally depends on the job. There should be a fruit of some kinds in the job (Kotliarov 2013). Recognition - the workers of an organization should be recognized and praised for the accomplishments of them by the managers (May 2014). Promotional and Growth opportunities - there must be advancement and growth opportunities in a company for motivating the employees for performing well (McVay 2012). Responsibility - the workers must hold themselves responsible towards their work. The managers should provide them the work ownership. The employees should reduce the control but recollect liability (Meredith, 2011). Meaningfulness of the work - The work should be itself challenging, interesting and meaningful for the workers for performing and for getting motivated (Mochalova 2012). Application of the Theory in Staff Development Context Students, teachers and the formal employees are the building blocks of the research and educational activities of the universities of Kazakhstan. The success of a school or a college depends on the assimilated efforts given by the students or teachers of that particular school or college (Montuclard et al. 2012). The joining of Kazakhstan to the Bologna Process involves the qualitative changes research as well as educational activities of the Kazakhstan Universities. It also have imposed specifically high requirements towards the competence level of the teaching staff. The students and the teachers of the school or college would contribute collectively to the growth of that specific educational institution while they got enough motivation (Martyushev, Sinogina and Sheremetyeva 2015). The universities in Kazakhstan require the teachers are not capable of transferring professional knowledge and for generating new concepts but also play a certain socio-cultural values and experiences. T he teachers of the contemporary universities is a kind of phenomenon that not only the teacher investigates simultaneously and save buckets and can relearn throughout the life. The importance of the staff motivation in this context has been mentioned below, Evaluation According to Palardy (2014) is very important to control, encourage and understand an individuals own behavior as a manager in terms of motivating controlling and encouraging the student as well as the teacher behavior of that educational institution (Martyushev, Sinogina and Sheremetyeva 2015). It can be act as an extrinsic factor of the Herzberg two factor theories. The university staffs in Kazakhstan should work upon the usage of the opportunities and strengths of them to lower and neutralize the negative influence of not being educated or not providing education. Being familiar with the students and the staff of a school or a college It is an intrinsic factor that conveys that the management authority of a university should be well behaved with the teachers, professors or other employees who are teaching many students and working for that educational institution (Martyushev, Sinogina and Sheremetyeva 2015). The better and more the management authority know their employees and teachers; the simpler it is for getting them engaged in the job and in the achievements of the goals of the educational institution. It would invite also the loyalty and the commitment of the employees as well as the teachers of that certain school or college (Palardy 2014). A cordial relationship between the subordinate and the superior is a major factor in the job satisfaction. Providing the teachers and the employees specific advantages- Educational institutions in Kazakhstan should provide their teachers or employees financial as well as some other advantages (Palardy 2014). This factor acts as an intrinsic factor in the two factor theory. A certain school or college in Kazakhstan should provide the employees, teachers or professors bonuses, those institutions should pay them for extra effort and provide them insurance benefits of family and health (Pegler 2012). Participation of an educational institution in the induction program of new teachers or professors - the induction programs proceed with the advertising of recruitment (Pugh 2012). The powerful entrants, at this point of time begin the creation of their own desires and impressions regarding the educational institution and the job (Sachau 2011). This can act as an extrinsic factor of the two factor theory. It is the way through which the selection procedure is arranged and the consequent process of recruitment either damages or builds the impression regarding the school or the college in Kazakhstan and the job. Therefore, the management authority of the school or college must have something to say in advertisement framing and also in the process of recruitment and selection (Shashkova 2010). The management authority of the educational institution must take personal interest in the joining dates, the cost of removal, and the family relocation issues of the selected candidates after the decision regarding the candidate is made (Smith et al. 2013). Being noticed by the entire school or the college and the new recruit to be completely involved would assure a persuasive entry in the company (Smith et al. 2013). Providing feedback or the review constantly to the employees, teachers or professors - the employees or the teachers are very eager to know how they are performing individually in the school or the college (Smith et al. 2013). It can act as an Intrinsic factor in Herzbergs two factor theory. Therefore, the educational institution requires to give a constructive and regular feedback to the staffs. It would be more acceptable for the employees (Srisawat 2014). The educational institution in Kazakhstan does not base the reviews on any kind of assumptions, but on personal observation and facts (Vincent et al. 2015). The school or college in the country should not indulge in the comparing or favoring an employee with someone else. The management authority of that particular educational institution should sit with their employees or the teachers on weekly or daily basis as well as assure that the feedback or the review happens (Vroom and Deci 2014). It would help in boosting the morale of the employees as well as the teachers and would motivate them a lot (Wellens 2011). Acknowledging the employees or teachers of an educational institution based on the achievements of them - Some words of praise, a pat on the back and giving a credit note to the employee or the teacher at the personal level with some kind of wide publicity can provide motivation the employees and the teachers very much (Carr 2015). The educational institutions should make it a point for mentioning the outstanding achievements of the employees as well as the professors in the journal of the school or college or in the official newsletters (Morgenroth, Ryan and Peters 2015). It can act as an intrinsic factor in the two factor theory. The educational institution not only should acknowledge the employee and the teacher who fulfills and over exceeds the need of education in the country but also the institution should acknowledge the employee or the teacher with highest contribution (Morgenroth, Ryan and Peters 2015). Assuring the effective management of time - Having control over time of an educational institution assures that the things are implemented in a correct way (Wrosch and Heckhausen 2015). Therefore, the educational institutions in Kazakhstan should motivate the employees as well as the teachers for having closed time that is few hours while no interruptions are there for the teachers in the performance of the job role of them so that they can be concerned about the job (Herrmann and Brandsttter 2015). It is an extrinsic factor in the two factor theory of motivation established by Herzberg. The institution should plan for the one-one-one sessions of communication with the teachers as well as employees where they can ask their questions and can also get the attention of the institutions. Thereby, they would not realize to be neglected (Gitlin, Winter, and Stanley 2015). Presence of the techniques of managing stress in an educational institution - A particular school or college should make an environment in that institution and its employees and the teachers can work and teach respectively within the levels of optimum pressure (Sivasubramanian, Aktharsha, and Mohamed 2015). The institution must assure an optimistic attitude to the stress in the school or college in Kazakhstan. This is also an extrinsic factor in the motivational theory. The institution should have the training programs regarding the stress management and assure a follow-up with the teacher and employee meetings on the manner stress can be minimized at the work (Rahman et al. 2015). The institution in the country should provide their teachers and employees a proper autonomy to work. They should recognize the symptoms of stress in teachers and employees and try for dealing with them (Minern 2015). Usage of the counseling technique - the feelings of the employee and teachers to the work and teaching profession, towards their future, their superiors and their peer can effectively be dealt through the counseling of them (Kim et al. 2015). It gives a support, incentive an environment that makes enable an individual employee and teacher for achieving their identities (Alebouyeh et al. 2015). Providing employees and teachers the opportunities to learn more - The teachers consistently should learn new skills on their jobs regarding teaching their students (Gemeda and Tynjl 2015). It can also acts as an intrinsic factor. The chances or the opportunities should be provided to them for developing their competencies and skills as well as for making best usage of the skills (Lam 2015). Therefore, the institution should link the goals of the educational institution with the goals of the teachers and professors (Alebouyeh et al. 2015). Development and encouragement of the creativity - the educational institution in Kazakhstan should encourage the teachers for developing the skills of creativity so as for solving the problems regarding educational system occurred in that country (Ko and Jun 2015). The management authority of the institution should provide the employees and the teachers the resources and time to develop creativity (Phillips 2015). The development and encouragement of theb creativity is the intrinsic factor in the two factor theory of motivation. The institution should invite suggestions and ideas from the teachers as well as the employees. These ideas and the suggestions may result into very productive for that that particular institution (Alolayan and Saidi 2015). Job enrichment adaptation - the term Job Enrichment refers to providing space for the betterment in the quality of the working life (Mehrad, Redzuan and Abdullah 2015). Therefore, it is an extrinsic factor and it also means the facilitation of the people for achieving the success, fame and self-development through a more interesting and challenging job that gives more advancement and promotional chances (Westphal, Marnochan and Chapin 2015). The educational institutions in Kazakhstan should provide the teachers more independence in their jobs, it should engage them in the process of decision-making, show them loyalty and celebrate the achievements of the teachers. Respecting the group of employees and teachers - Not only an educational institution should respect the rights of employees for expressing and sharing their views but also the time of them. It can act as an extrinsic factor in the motivational theories. It would assure that the staffs respect that institution and the institution time. The school or college should make the employees and the teachers realize that they are respected just nots as staffs but as individuals also (Thibodeaux et al. 2015). These all importunes are related to the Herzberg two factors theory very soulfully. All of those factors are interconnected as the intrinsic or extrinsic factor those are helpful in motivating the staffs of a certain college. Importance of motivation Within a Staff Group Motivating the staff group is very important for a school or a college as of the following advantages it gives, Motivations makes the human resources active Every attention and concern of needs financial, physical and human resources accomplish the goals of any kind of educational institution. The human resources can only be used by making the complete use of it through the motivation. It can also be implemented by constructing the willingness in the staffs of a school or a college to work or to teach the students. It would help the school or college to secure the best possible resource utilization by that particular institution (Marshall, Mottier, and Lewis 2015). Improvement in the efficiency level of the staff in a school or a college: The level of a normal employee or a teacher does not depend only on the individual abilities and qualifications (Marshall, Mottier, and Lewis 2015). The gap between the willingness and the capability has to be filled that would help in the improvement of the performance level of the teachers and the employees of that school or college to get the best of their performance of work. Therefore, it would result into reduction in the cost of operation, improvement in the style of teaching as well as the increase in productivity and improvement in the overall efficiency (Malik et al. 2015). Leads towards the achievement of the goals of the organization The objectives or the goals of a school or a college can be obtained only at the moment when the following below mentioned factors would take place (Gerhart and Fang 2015). The best possible utilization of the resources must be obtained in the schools or colleges. A co-operative work environment should be there among the teachers and the normal employees of a school or a college (). The teachers as well as the employees of a school or a college must be goal-directed and they should respectively teach and work in a purposive manner (). The objectives of the particular educational institution can be obtained if the co-operation and the co-ordination are obtained which simultaneously can effectively be implemented through the motivation in that particular educational institution (). Construct a good and a friendly relationship: The term Motivation is a very essential factor that brings the satisfaction of employees (Mehrad, Redzuan and Abdullah 2015). It can be implemented by framing and remembering a plan for incentive for the benefit of the employees as well as the employees because they are serving for the welfare for the students. It can initiate the following mentioned factors: Promotion opportunities for the teachers as well as the employees worked in a school or a college. Non-monetary and monetary incentives In terms of constructing a friendly, cordial environment in a concern, the above mentioned paths should be taken by the management authority of a school or a college. It will help in: Efficient and effective co-operation that brings the stability. Educational unrest and dispute in workers would minimize, The workers would be adaptable towards the changes and there would be no resistance to the change. It would help to provide a sound and a smooth concern in that the interests in individual would coincide with the interests of that educational institution () It would result in the maximization of profit in terms of the increased productivity that is the increased reputation of the school or the college as a renowned educational institution. Leads to the stability of the workforce in the educational institution The workforce stability in the context of school and college is very much essential from the aspect of goodwill and reputation of a concern (Kim et al. 2015). The teachers and the employees in a certain school or college can be remained loyal towards the school or college only while they have a participation feeling in the management of that school and college. The efficiency and the skills regarding the teaching technique as well as the working procedure of the teachers and the employees of the school or college would be always advantageous towards the students of that educational institution (Thibodeaux et al. 2015). It would result in a good public image in their respective regions that would seek the qualified and competent people into a concern. The older as well as the experienced teacher or employees can create more stability of the school or college in terms of teaching and building the career of several students. It can be said from the above discussion, that motivation is an internal realization that can only be understood by the management authority of the school or college as the management of the educational institution is in close contact with the teachers and the employees as well (Gitlin, Winter, and Stanley 2015). Desires, wants and needs are co-related and they are the driving forces of acting. The requirements can be well understood by the management authority of the institution and they can accordingly frame the plans of motivation. It can also be said that therefore motivation is a constant procedure as the process of motivation is dependent on the requirements those are unlimited. The process is throughout required to be continued. Therefore, a summary can be made by saying that the motivation is essential for both the teachers and the school or the college (Gitlin, Winter, and Stanley 2015). The importance of motivation to a teacher or an employee of the school or a college as: It would help the teachers to achieve their goals regarding the fulfillment of their career ambition. The job satisfaction always comes with motivation. Hence, teachers are not an exception. They get the job satisfaction while they get enough motivation to teach their students in school or college (). The motivation would also help in the teachers self-development. A teacher or an employee in a school and in a college always would gain by working with a school or a college. On the other hand, motivation is essential to a school or a college as: The more empowered the educational institution is, the more motivated the teachers or the employees are. The more successful is the business, the more is the tea individual employee contribution and the team work (). There would be more creativity and adaptability during the time of amendments. Motivation would lead to a challenging and an optimistic attitude in a certain educational institution. Strengths and Limitation of the Theory in Context of Staff Motivation in College Strengths The two factors model of Herzberg can be utilized for identifying the wide issues or consequences that are needed to be mitigated or resolved in general (Thibodeaux et al. 2015). When the teachers, professors or the other employees of a school or a college are facing a problem of regarding their job security then the management of that school or college can try to address those issues by providing several assurances. This kind of scenario arises while the situation is the combination of low hygiene and high motivation according to the Herzbergs motional theories. The temporary employees or the temporary teachers whose jobs are not confirmed can suffer from the panic of job security (Das, Kumari and Pradhan 2015). On the other hand, their job is very challenging and exciting but at the same time they are suffering from such panics. Therefore, the management of the college or school should keep focus on to secure the jobs of those employees, teachers and professors. After joining in a school or a college in any designation, teachers or any other employees should not be kept in probation period for a long duration. On the other hand, the credit technology transition in the classroom load of the high schools or universities has reflected originally the teachers of the university. The load is enhanced and the teachers consequently have less time on self-development and research. Moreover, an important part of the teaching materials and the lectures need to be translated into the state language for the relevant literatures absence. Therefore, according to the theory they would be got better training so that they can be evaluated as the permanent employees or teachers. In this case, the management should have to take a quick action so that employees or the teachers or professors do not have to do face the problem of job security (Thibodeaux et al. 2015). On the other hand, the teachers, professors, lecturers and the employees should get their proper increment at time in a yearly basis in terms of maintaining high hygiene according to the two factor theory. Therefore the management authority of a certain school or college in Kazakhstan should have to maintain a strict principle to provide the facility of increment towards the teachers, professors and the other employees. Therefore, they would be motivated as well as they would not be unsure regarding their salary increment (Westphal, Marnocha, and Chapin 2015). Every employee, teacher or professor should get the facility of mediclaim so that whenever the employees or the family members of them would suffer from some critical physical illness then they do not have to be worried about their financial support. This fact also falls under the maintenance of the high hygiene in accordance with the two factors theory. Therefore, the management authority of every school or college in Kazakhstan should provide this particular facility towards the employees, the teachers and the professors (Thibodeaux et al. 2015). Limitation There are several limitations or disadvantages of the Herzberg theory of motivation those are also applicable in this scenario. These are as follows, According to the assumption made by Herzberg, there is a correlation between productivity and satisfaction. However, Herzberg mainly stressed on the satisfaction in the research conducted by him and ignored productivity. But in reality, with the increase in the job satisfaction, the productivity also increases (Das, Kumari and Pradhan 2015). In the context of the staff development in any school or college, it is obvious that if a teacher is satisfied with his or her responsibility and job then the teacher would definitely teach his or her students better than before in terms of keeping the best combined situation of high motivation and high hygiene according to Herzbergs two factor theory. In this context of staff development, the reliability of the theory is uncertain. The analysis of this theory is required to be implemented by the raters. These raters may ruin the findings by making an analysis of the similar response in different manner (Das, Kumari and Pradhan 2015). According to Sivasubramanian, Aktharsha, and Mohamed (2015), there are several causes for which the low quality of teaching in the Kazakhstan Universities have been obtained. The aging of personnel, young teachers outflow from the sphere of university, the competence inconsistency of the high school teachers, the complexity of the education of intellectual and scientific competencies of teachers and many other are those causes. All of the challenges encountered in higher education of Kazakhstan, reflect that intellectual incentives and promotion mechanisms, the lack of material, competent personnel policy, strict regulation of teachers in Kazakhstan universities has led to the decline of the status of the teacher. Any comprehensive measure of the satisfaction was not utilized. School staffs may find their jobs acceptable in spite of the matter that they may object or hate a part of their jobs. Therefore, in this scenario, the applicability of the theory became irrelevant to the teachers because the most of the professors are satisfied with their part of the job of teaching students. Hence a contradiction has been taken place with respect to the theory in the context of staff development in a college (Kissel, Whitman and Reid 2014). The Herzbergs two factor theory is composed of bias as it has been made based on the employees natural reaction while they are enquired the satisfaction sources and the dissatisfaction sources at the workplace (Kissel, Whitman and Reid 2014). Therefore, they would then blame the dissatisfaction of the outer factors like peer relationship, company policies and salary structure. The employees would also give the credit to themselves for the factor of satisfaction at the workplace. However, this factor is not applicable in the context of the staff development in a college because the professors in any educational institution like college do not generally blame the dissatisfaction on the external factors. On the other hand, most often, it has been noticed that the dissatisfaction regarding job is less for the teachers (Sivasubramanian, Aktharsha, and Mohamed 2015). Therefore, the Herzberg two factors theory has to face a disadvantageous situation in order to implement the concept in this context of staff development in a school or a college. Conclusion The overall study has presented an evidence of the broader applicability of the Herzbergs motivational theory in the context of the staff development in the institutional improvements. The study has been made in the context of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan is a country where, the lack of teachers, lack of teachers are the main issues those are resisting the educational system of the country. 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